BMC Cardiovasc Disord:真是怪病!一吃饭就犯晕为哪般?

2019-08-13 卢芳 中国循环杂志

一位59岁的男士,得了一种奇怪的病:一吃饭就晕。

一位59岁的男士,得了一种奇怪的病:一吃饭就晕。

据悉,这位男士在过去半年间歇性发生头晕,而且只在吃饭时“犯晕”,尤其在大量吃米饭或馒头固体食物时最为严重。

而且,患者的症状渐进性严重,最初少量吃饭或粥水时无症状,但之后,即使少吃固体食物也会晕厥。患者自述,饭量减了却有吞咽困难加剧的感觉。

患者之前无任何相关的晕厥或癫痫发作,体检及化验结果都在正常范围。超声心动图示,心脏结构及收缩和舒张功能均正常。

到底,是什么在“作祟”?

24 h心电图监测让疾病露出了“马脚”:吃饭时窦性停顿4.5 s(图1)。初步诊断为吞咽性晕厥,并予植入永久性起搏器。


图1  非进餐时间显示正常窦性心律的12导联心电图(a);b图所示为,24h心电图监测发现早餐期间4.5s的非传导性P波(红色箭头所指)发作

植入起搏器前,舌下含服400 μg硝酸甘油激发的倾斜试验,导致患者发生晕厥,并发生5分钟的低血压反应。最低血压为32.9/29.2 mmHg,心率为75.3 bpm。倾斜试验期间未观察到任何心脏停搏(图2)。


图2 硝酸甘油激发的倾斜试验结果

最终,患者在植入双腔起搏器后,症状完全消失。

不过患者为什么在吃饭时晕厥?患者肠道特殊?

在经过一番检查发现,钡餐造影正常可排除贲门失弛缓症;食管十二指肠镜检查显示食管正常,无结构性疾病。

不过在进行食管胃十二指肠镜检查时,起搏器起搏需求增加。之后经在食管近、中、远段连续充气并将起搏器编程为“关闭”,则发现,中远段食管气囊充气会导致明显的窦性停顿,长达5.6 s。

这证实,食管扩张对心脏的抑制反应是患者发生晕厥的潜在病理生理机制。


注:a:食管胃十二指肠镜检查前的起搏器记录;b:内窥镜推进至食管远端时,起搏器增加起搏;c:起搏器编程为“关闭”,中远段食管气囊充气导致5.6 s的窦性停顿

图3  食管胃十二指肠镜检查前后起搏器记录及及中远段食管气囊充气后所致的窦性停顿

这一病例报道在BMC Cardiovasc Disord上,作者同时还对1793年以来报道的101个吞咽或吞咽性晕厥个案报道进行了梳理总结。

101个吞咽或吞咽性晕厥“故事”的讨论

这种晕厥在男性、老年多见,个案报道平均年龄为57.5岁(5~89岁)。

54.5%的患者吃啥都会引起晕厥,不论是水做的还是固体的食物; 这种晕厥与胃肠道疾病密切相关(32.7%,n=33),包括食管裂孔疝(18.8%,n=19),食管狭窄、贲门失弛缓症及食管癌。

房室传导阻滞是最为常见的电生理问题,其次是窦房结功能障碍,包括窦性心动过缓、窦性停搏和心搏停止。

植入起搏器是最常采用的治疗方式,98.1%的患者植入了起搏器并报告晕厥症状缓解,超过一半患者植入了永久性起搏器。

其次就是针对胃肠道疾病的治疗,比如有4例患者修补了裂孔疝。还有患者接受了成功的迷走神经消融、长期应用质子泵抑制剂和食管癌外科根治术。

值得一提的是老药阿托品,这种药在起搏器面世前常用,有限的资料表明疗效尚可达90%。

吞咽或吞咽性晕厥是一种少见的神经介导的晕厥类型,与威胁生命的缓慢型心律失常和低血压相关,通常不易及时诊断。作者建议根据如下流程进行诊断和管理这种少见病:



原始出处:Kelvin Shenq Woei Siew, Maw Pin Tan, Ida Normiha Hilmi & Alexander Loch. Swallow syncope: a case report and review of literature. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019 Aug 7  

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    2020-06-28 quxin068
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    2019-10-12 cmsvly
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    2019-08-15 jiazhoudexue

    学习了,谢谢!

    0

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    2019-08-14 Dr Z

    0

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