看似简单的化验结果,隐藏致命密码

2017-08-09 孟新科 医师在线

血常规和普通生化检查是医生最常开的化验检查,但结果出来后,很多人却不太在意对其仔细的研读,只是简单看一下主要结果是否在正常范围;当结果数值出现异常情况时,也没有及时请专科医师会诊协助解读,而是自己凭感觉判断或者对某些异常结果“视而不见”。殊不知,这种处理检查单的方式轻则延误诊断,重则误诊、误治,甚至还可能因为患者的死亡原因不清而导致医疗纠纷。

血常规和普通生化检查是医生最常开的化验检查,但结果出来后,很多人却不太在意对其仔细的研读,只是简单看一下主要结果是否在正常范围;当结果数值出现异常情况时,也没有及时请专科医师会诊协助解读,而是自己凭感觉判断或者对某些异常结果“视而不见”。殊不知,这种处理检查单的方式轻则延误诊断,重则误诊、误治,甚至还可能因为患者的死亡原因不清而导致医疗纠纷。

病例1

未重视血常规异常终酿悲剧

患者,男,16岁,因“胸闷、气促半天”到某医院急诊。到急诊科时已有血氧饱和度明显下降、血压低靠升压药物维持。此前20天患者曾有发热到附近诊所看病,查血常规白细胞1.3×109/L,血红蛋白93g/L,血小板总数243×109/L。经过对症治疗3天,热退,无其他不适,未进一步诊治。本次入院前1天,患者已有乏力不适,未引起重视。入院前半天,出现明显胸闷、气促,才被家人送到急诊科就诊。

急诊科查血常规:白细胞8.6×109/L,血红蛋白76g/L,血小板总数24×109/L,中性粒细胞比例10%,单核细胞比例15%,其他细胞比例75%。血小板压积2~5ug/L,C反应蛋白68g/L。

急诊以“脓毒症休克”收入ICU,行床旁X线胸片发现左侧中下肺有大片渗出病灶,即诊断为“重症肺炎、脓毒症休克、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)”。入ICU后即予气管插管、呼吸机辅助通气,积极扩容,超大剂量血管活性药物升压、连续肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)治疗。

医生对这个患者治疗了近20个小时,措施不可谓不积极,但效果很差,眼看患者血压一步步降低,血氧饱和度持续下降,已处于临终状态。家属找到我,希望我去会诊,看能否有最后的希望。接到电话后,我立即驱车前往该医院ICU病房,听取值班医师汇报完病情,然后查看了患者,其实已经可以判断患者活下去的希望极其渺茫。

看完患者,再看化验检查,发现患者的胸片表现根本不能用重症肺炎、ARDS来解释其呼吸衰竭,也就是说,患者最初就诊的时候其呼吸衰竭不是心肺情况导致的,而可能是全身疾病所致。

再仔细看其化验单,血常规三系有异常。既往健康的16岁男孩,没有外伤出血、没有痔疮、也没有消化道出血,却有严重的贫血,而且白细胞分类明显异常。患者肝肾功能入院时都很好,不像中毒性疾病所致。我当即判断该患者可能存在严重的血液系统恶性肿瘤,建议骨髓穿刺检查。可该医院却没有专门的血液科,不能做骨髓穿刺。我便电话联系本院急诊科主任,拜托其带着相关工具来给这个孩子做骨穿。

当我们血液科主任刚到病房,患者已经心跳骤停,正进行心肺复苏。我们立即边复苏,边进行骨髓穿刺加活检。第二天结果出来,是一个M3型的急性白血病。此类白血病病情进展如此迅速,可能是急性肺栓塞或是肿瘤肺部浸润导致的急性肺损伤、ARDS,也可能是肿瘤产生的大量乳酸,导致的急性严重的酸中毒。

要是在20天前患者第一次就诊时,医生开具血常规化验检查后能仔细阅读其化验检查单,对不能解释的贫血及白细胞降低进行认真思考和分析,或建议患者到血液专科就诊,也许患者就能得到及时的诊断和治疗,因为M3型急性白血病是可以治愈的。

要是患者第二次到急诊诊治时,医生能发现其血液系统存在的严重问题,第一时间将患者从急诊直接转到有能力救治的医院抢救,或许患者也能得到及时诊断,能及时纠正酸中毒,接受化疗、抗凝等治疗,虽不能说一定能挽救患者的生命,但也不是一点机会都没有。

病例2

读血电解质结果寻因终解惑

患者,男,21岁,刚退伍不到3个月。因“被家人发现意识不清半小时”急诊入我院。据患者家属交代病情,患者3个月前退伍后一直住在其姑姑家,没有工作。入院前当天早上,其姑姑上班前,患者述自己乏力,胸闷不适。姑姑并没在意,只是嘱其在家休息。及至中午其姑姑回家时,发现患者躺在床上意识不清,立即叫救护车送本院急诊。

患者到急诊科时,生命体征极不稳定,血压230/140mmHg,心率140次/分,叹息样呼吸,氧饱和度76%,心电监护发现心电活动情况不稳定,有频发多源室早,也有多源房早,变化不定。患者非常肥胖,1.70米的个子,体重超过180斤,颈短脖子粗,属于一个困难插管的患者。

急诊医生初步判断患者为脑血管意外,正在那里犹豫不决,不知道是先气管插管保护气道,还是先去做头颅CT,正好我路过抢救室,值班医生立即抓住我,让我看看。

听完患者家属的病情介绍,我立即告诉医生,该患者高度怀疑严重的低钾血症,马上抽血查血常规、电解质及其他生化检查,同时给患者无创通气改善通气,建立深静脉微量泵快速静脉输注较高浓度的氯化钾。半小时后结果出来,患者血钾1.2mmol/L,血钠161mmol/L,血氯115mmol/L。继续治疗半小时,患者心电活动明显稳定,心率降至100次/分,患者呼吸平稳,氧饱和度升至96%,意识也逐渐清醒。接下来将患者收入ICU进一步治疗。

这时,值班医生问我了,究竟是什么原因导致患者低血钾,基础疾病是什么?

我指着患者的电解质化验单告诉他,患者严重低钾、高钠高氯血症,提示严重的肾小管酸中毒可能性极大。患者这么年轻,没有其他病史,需要考虑药物中毒所致。当患者意识清楚以后,我们进一步询问病史,答案出来了。

原来,患者退伍回家后一直无事,不小心结交一些不良朋友,唆使其大量饮用“XX止咳露”(复方磷酸可待因口服溶液),患者每天饮用至少3瓶以上。该药含有一定剂量的可卡因,长期大剂量服用可导致急性肾小管酸中毒。后来患者转到肾内科进行肾活检,证实了我们的临床判断。

如果我们仅仅看到这个患者的低钾血症,并进行对症治疗,患者也可以好转。但若没注意到其高钠高氯血症,并进一步寻找病因,也可能这次对症治疗好,下次患者还会犯病,甚至更加严重。

小结

化验结果是诊治的依据

这两个病例的诊治过程都非常富有戏剧性,对年轻医生具有极大的启发教育意义。提醒每个初诊医生,不要忽略我们最常用的一些化验检查单中的细节项目。遇到异常情况,一定要仔细分析原因,不要认为其看似与本次发病无关或不危及生命安全就轻易放过。

有些简单的化验结果,可能隐含着重要的基础疾病诊断信息。注意到这些隐藏的信息,可能有机会在第一时间得出正确的诊断方向,做到真正的对因治疗,起到药到病除的奇效。否则,就会延误诊断,甚至危及患者生命。既不利于患者诊治,危及其生命安全,一旦患者死亡后病因不能得到合理解释,也易诱发医疗纠纷,给医生自己带来极大风险。

如果发现化验单的异常情况自己不能做出合理解释,最好请上级医师指点,或者请有经验的相关专科医师会诊,协助诊治。切不可对存在异常的化验单“视而不见”。

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    2018-07-26 wushaoling
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    2017-08-09 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    仔细认真研读化验报告很重要啊!

    0

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    2017-08-09 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习

    0

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    2017-08-09 1881f7f23fm

    谢谢分享。

    0

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    2017-08-09 楠博One

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-08-09 情途末路

    感谢分享,受益匪浅

    0

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