Cancer Cell:抗癌新视角——非编码基因变“废”为宝

2019-11-22 Eagle 转化医学网

导语:在真核生物的基因组中,虽然非编码DNA占了绝大多数,但由于不编码蛋白质,它们常被视为无用的基因组片段,甚至被称为“垃圾DNA”。然而,随着基因组研究的不断深入,科学家发现这些看似无用的基因组区域,可能有着独特且重要的生物学功能。

导语:在真核生物的基因组中,虽然非编码DNA占了绝大多数,但由于不编码蛋白质,它们常被视为无用的基因组片段,甚至被称为“垃圾DNA”。然而,随着基因组研究的不断深入,科学家发现这些看似无用的基因组区域,可能有着独特且重要的生物学功能。

近日,来自加拿大Princess Margaret 癌症中心的科学家们将肿瘤治疗的基因组研究重点聚焦在了常被忽略的非编码基因组区域,并在《Cancer Cell》上发表了最新的研究成果,证明了“废物DNA”在肿瘤精准治疗上,可以变“废”为宝,并且大有作为。



16年前,人类基因组计划正式启动,旨在对人类的全基因组进行测序,并绘制人类基因组图谱。研究发现,人类基因组中编码蛋白质的基因约为21,000个,仅占整个基因组的2%,即生命蓝图或人类基因手册。而剩下的98%的基因呢?不编码蛋白质,又没有具体明显的生物功能,那它们真的是“废物DNA”吗?



人们对基因组的不断解密,有研究证明,部分非编码DNA具有调控元件功能,它们可以通过调节每个细胞的基因活性,从而产生多种不同类型的细胞。此外,某些非编码区域调控元件的异常确实与部分人类疾病的发病相关。科学家们开始意识到,隐藏在这些非编码DNA中的可能是至关重要的线索,或者控制着数千个基因的活性,可能在多种疾病中发挥着重要作用——因此,对该区域进行研究开发,可以为潜在的治疗方法提供重要的测序线索。 

来自加拿大Princess Margaret癌症中心的研究人员对前列腺肿瘤样品进行了全基因组测序和分析,并且将重点放在了解析常被忽视的非编码区基因组。最终,通过合作,科学家、病理学家和计算科学家们在原发性前列腺肿瘤样品中筛出超过27万个突变位点,并分析了它们的潜在作用。

数据显示,根据基因组中顺反组(Cistromes, 转录因子结合位点或组蛋白修饰在全基因组上的位置)的分布位置进行区域划分,在前列腺肿瘤中存在大量的体细胞单核苷酸突变,而相邻的正常组织中则存在大量的转录调控因子,如AR,FOXA1, and HOXB13等。而在具有转录调控因子的肿瘤细胞中,前列腺肿瘤的遗传易感性则明显增强。科学家通过大量的数据报告证明,单核苷酸突变一般很难改变单个顺式调控元件(CREs)的反激活潜能。而与遗传风险变异一致的是,主要转录调控因子的顺反组中,大量单核苷酸变异积累与前列腺肿瘤的疾病进展相关。

此次研究结果还发现,非编码基因组中,顺反组的分区可以反映体细胞和风险变异相关的单核苷酸突变的集合;肿瘤细胞中体细胞单核苷酸突变增加,而正常细胞则相反;体细胞单核苷酸变异可以调节顺式调控元件的输出,比如MYC位点等。

综上,我们不得不对这些所谓的无用DNA“刮目相看”——原来,非编码区隐藏着如此多的“神秘力量(基因突变)”,它们在特定的非编码区中不断积累,而这些非编码区由一组特定的蛋白质组成,这些蛋白质控制基因的开启或者关闭状态,与前列腺肿瘤的发病息息相关。如果我们可以找到抑制这些蛋白质的方法,就意味着,可以阻止或控制前列腺癌细胞的生长,这不正是新的抗癌神药吗?


原发性前列腺肿瘤样本测序中,非编码活性顺式调控元件和突变位点分布概况

人类基因组复杂多变,基因组中的未知部分可能包含着数百万个基因开关,影响着人类生命中各个阶段的细胞生长发育。其中,非编码基因组研究更是一个仍充满许多“空白区域”的研究领域,值得进一步关注和挖掘。

本次研究为肿瘤的精确基因组学研究提供了新的思路和策略,利用来自编码区和非编码区来源的肿瘤基因中所有突变位点的数据分析,将遗传因素与肿瘤发生相关联,以便更准确地了解疾病的发生方式,提供治疗策略,设计有效的抗肿瘤药物等。

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    2020-06-08 d830384
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