Neurology:视神经鞘直径监测是否可以替代有创 ICP 监测

2019-03-29 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

31岁,男性。因为心脏骤停,自主循环恢复送到急诊室。

31岁,男性。因为心脏骤停,自主循环恢复送到急诊室。

既往室性心动过速病史。

查体发现,无脑干反射,包括瞳孔固定散大,对刺激无反应。

开始给予目标体温管理

头 CT 显示弥漫性脑水肿,脑沟和鞍上池消失,灰白质分界不清,假-SAH,符合缺氧性损伤的表现。

鉴于脑疝和 CT 的结果,开始床旁监测视神经鞘直径(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD),左侧为6.6mm,右侧为6.2mm(下图),提示 ICP 升高:

随后给予5%高张盐水治疗,目标血钠>140 mEq/L,过度通气 pCO2目标<34 mmHg。1h 后 ONSD正常(左侧4.4mm,右侧4.8mm)(下图),提示 ICP 下降:

患者入住 NICU后进行了 ICP 监测。复温后,患者神经功能预后严重不良,随后采取安慰治疗。

讨论

ICP 升高是神经损伤后最危险的结果,因为会迅速导致脑疝和死亡。迅速 ICP 诊断和监测是改善预后降低死亡率的关键。传统上,ICP监测通常采用有创的方法,比如置入脑室和脑实质颅内压监设备。这些方法有时是必要的,但是也带来一些风险,比如感染、出血和脑实质损害。另外,ICP 有创监测通常需要把患者转入 NICU,但是有些医院或有些情况无法转入 NICU。而床旁超声测量 ONSD的观察者间变异较低,当无法进行有创 ICP 监测时 ONSD 是一种有价值的监测方法。另外ONSD 比眼底镜检查更具优势,因为不会受到光线、患者不稳定、瞳孔较小的影响。不过,这些技术并未广泛应用于临床

最近一项纳入了6项研究(352例患者)的 meta 分析ONSD超过5mm 提示 ICP 升高,ICP 升高(根据CNS 影像)的pooled敏感性为99%(95% CI 96 - 100),特异性为73%(95% CI 65 - 80)。该结果被近期一项前瞻性队列研究证实,该研究显示 ONSD 超过5mm 与 ICP>20 mmHg(有创导管监测)明显相关。

最终作者认为监测 ONSD 有利于指导高颅压的治疗,特别是无法立即进行有创 ICP 监测或存在有创 ICP 监测禁忌症的时候。

原始出处:Bar J1, Rosenberg J2, Chan W1, Panebianco N1. Pearls & Oy-sters: Diagnosis and monitoring of elevated intracranial pressure through ultrasound of the optic nerve. Neurology. 2019 Feb 5;92(6):299-301.

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    2019-04-12 gj0740
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    2019-04-20 yinhl1978
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