头孢菌素+阿奇霉素,究竟合不合理?

2018-02-10 Gcplive 药评中心

传统理论认为:β-内酰胺类抗生素是繁殖期杀菌药,能和静止期杀菌药物氨基糖苷类联用,但不宜与快速抑菌药如大环内酯类抗菌药物联用,两者联用会减弱β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的杀菌效果。但是,近年来大量实验研究及临床实践证明:两类药物联用并无拮抗作用,会产生协同互补的效果。

传统理论认为:β-内酰胺类抗生素是繁殖期杀菌药,能和静止期杀菌药物氨基糖苷类联用,但不宜与快速抑菌药如大环内酯类抗菌药物联用,两者联用会减弱β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的杀菌效果。但是,近年来大量实验研究及临床实践证明:两类药物联用并无拮抗作用,会产生协同互补的效果。

一、联合用药的理论基础

1、体内分布不同

β-内酰胺类抗生素,如头孢呋辛的组织浓度低于血药浓度(约为血浆浓度的50%);而大环内酯类抗生素,如阿奇霉素的组织浓度远高于血浆浓度(约为血浆浓度的50倍)。



2、作用部位不同

β-内酰胺类抗生素进入细胞内的较少,主要在细胞外液中发挥抗菌活性,一般不适用于杀灭细胞内的细菌;而大环内酯类抗生素在各类细胞内都有明显蓄积,可用于杀灭细胞内的细菌。



例如,阿奇霉素能以高于细胞外20~30倍的浓度,在巨噬细胞内聚集,待巨噬细胞迁徙至炎症部位后再释放出来,对感染部位的治疗十分有利。

因此,两类药物作用部位不同,药物间发生拮抗作用的可能性较小。

3、抗菌谱不同

临床感染经常为两种或两种以上细菌合并感染。β-内酰胺类抗生素对G+菌、G-菌及部分厌氧菌有抗菌作用,而大环内酯类抗生素除对大部分G+菌、部分G-菌有抗菌作用外,尚对螺旋体、支原体、非典型分支杆菌、军团菌等非典型病原体也有良好效果。因此两类抗生素联用可扩大抗菌谱。



4、大环内酯类有免疫调节作用

大环内酯类抗生素与免疫系统存在协同关系,具有促进细胞免疫的功能,如促进网状内皮细胞增生, 增加自然杀伤细胞活性、促进巨噬细胞吞噬等。

大环内酯类抗生素还具有一定的抗炎作用,如降低中性粒细胞数量及活性、抑制转录因子活化等抗炎特性,并越来越多的应用于慢性呼吸道感染,特别是弥漫性细支气管炎、哮喘、慢性鼻窦炎等疾病的治疗。

5、两类抗生素的给药剂量不同

动物试验证实,当青霉素剂量达到对机体具有完全保护作用的水平时,对其他药物的快效抑菌剂活性的影响即不会出现。临床上β-内酰胺类用药量较大,与大环内酯类合用时,一般不会发生拮抗作用。

二、联合用药的循证学依据

孙寅田等系统评价了13 项、1238例社区获得性肺炎患者,单用β-内酰胺类和联合应用β -内酰胺类与大环内酯类抗生素的疗效,结果显示联合治疗组疗效优于单用组;在安全性方面两组无统计学意义。

Ambroggio等系统评价了20743 例儿童社区获得性肺炎,单独使用β-内酰胺类和联合应用β -内酰胺类与大环内酯类的疗效,结果显示β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类组住院时间短于单用β-内酰胺类组。

Garcia 等对1391 例社区获得性肺炎患者进行研究,发现单独使用β-内酰胺类的患者死亡率是β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类的2 倍。

三、联合用药的适应症

两类抗生素联合应用,应严格掌握适应证,应尽量根据细菌培养和药敏试验的结果来选择抗生素, 以免产生耐药菌增多、毒副反应增加、二重感染等不良后果。

1、社区获得性肺炎(CAP)

社区获得性肺炎是指在医院外罹患的感染性肺实质炎症,包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎。

血清流行病学调查显示,肺炎衣原体是继肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌之后引起CAP的主要病原体。因此,国内外指南几乎都在经验性治疗社区获得性肺炎中提到了联合应用β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类药物治疗CAP,以扩展对常见病原体的覆盖面。

在CAP经验治疗中,如果不能排除肺炎支原体或肺炎衣原体感染的可能性,则治疗方案中应包括大环内酯类,及早诊断和加用大环内酯类,对改善预后非常重要。

2015年版《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》有关不同人群社区获得性肺炎初始经验治疗:



2、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)

流行病学调查显示,COPD主要病原菌为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、病毒,其他少见菌包括副流感杆菌、链球菌及假单胞菌等。军团菌、肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体在COPD发病中也具有一定作用,且有增多趋势。

前瞻性研究结果显示,给予大环内酯类抗生素治疗,可以缩短COPD急性期,并减少急性恶化的频度,还可以减少病毒在呼吸道的黏附及减轻肺组织纤维化的作用。

3、铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜相关感染

细菌常常通过分泌多糖基质、纤维蛋白、脂蛋白等,形成一种黏糊状的膜样物(生物被膜),使细菌相互粘连并将其自身缠绕其中。在医学材料和被感染的器官组织表面均发现有生物被膜的存在。



生物被膜可以阻止抗菌药物进入细菌体内,常导致抗感染治疗失败。多项研究证明,大环内酯类抗生素可以抑制细菌生物被膜的形成,有利于β-内酰胺类抗生素渗透。

4、幽门螺旋杆菌感染

克拉霉素+阿莫西林+质子泵抑制剂,是目前公认的幽门螺杆菌(HP)根除的首选方案,HP的根除率可达85%以上。

其中,克拉霉素口服吸收快、血药浓度高,可有效清除幽门螺旋杆菌,是大环内酯类中对幽门螺旋杆菌作用最强的品种。

总之,两类药物联合应用是合理的,但应该严格限制在特定条件下,不应常规使用,防止滥用。滥用不仅是一种浪费,而且可带来细菌耐药和二重感染等问题。

原始出处:


2.Garcia Vazquez E,Mensa J,Martinez JA,et al. Lower mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated with a macrolide plus a beta-lactam agent versus a beta -lactam agent alone[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis,2005,24( 3) : 190-195.

3.Ambroggio L,Taylor JA,Tabb LP,et al. Comparative effectiveness of empiric β-lactam monotherapy and β-lactam-macrolide combination therapy in children hospitalized with community -acquired pneumonia[J]. The Journal of Pediatrics,2012,161( 6) : 1097-1103.

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    2022-09-11 ms9000001707791611

    谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-11-16 lovetcm

    #头孢菌素#+#阿奇霉素#能不能联用,现在仍然有争议

    0

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    2018-02-12 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章.值得拥有

    0

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    2018-02-12 仁医06
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    2018-02-11 惠映实验室

    学习.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-02-11 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1248343, encodeId=723a12483435d, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=af4d8295926, createdName=ms9000001707791611, createdTime=Sun Sep 11 07:30:34 CST 2022, time=2022-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=899465, encodeId=931c8994657a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=53114435634' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#头孢菌素#</a>+<a href='/topic/show?id=f8729e75210' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿奇霉素#</a>能不能联用,现在仍然有争议, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44356, encryptionId=53114435634, topicName=头孢菌素), TopicDto(id=97752, encryptionId=f8729e75210, topicName=阿奇霉素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Nov 16 08:32:16 CST 2020, time=2020-11-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287437, encodeId=397628e43783, content=不错的文章.值得拥有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 12 22:16:34 CST 2018, time=2018-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1459545, encodeId=137414595452d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82a24434020' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#头孢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44340, encryptionId=82a24434020, topicName=头孢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55683, createdName=仁医06, createdTime=Mon Feb 12 12:36:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287145, encodeId=e57528e14552, content=学习.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Feb 11 19:29:46 CST 2018, time=2018-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286990, encodeId=9b9c286990b1, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Sun Feb 11 07:06:19 CST 2018, time=2018-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286930, encodeId=3db3286930ce, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Feb 11 06:00:41 CST 2018, time=2018-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286896, encodeId=0f302868964c, content=学习.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 22:53:50 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286865, encodeId=8c4028686531, content=学习了.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 21:49:25 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-11 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1248343, encodeId=723a12483435d, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=af4d8295926, createdName=ms9000001707791611, createdTime=Sun Sep 11 07:30:34 CST 2022, time=2022-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=899465, encodeId=931c8994657a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=53114435634' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#头孢菌素#</a>+<a href='/topic/show?id=f8729e75210' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿奇霉素#</a>能不能联用,现在仍然有争议, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44356, encryptionId=53114435634, topicName=头孢菌素), TopicDto(id=97752, encryptionId=f8729e75210, topicName=阿奇霉素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Nov 16 08:32:16 CST 2020, time=2020-11-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287437, encodeId=397628e43783, content=不错的文章.值得拥有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 12 22:16:34 CST 2018, time=2018-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1459545, encodeId=137414595452d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=82a24434020' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#头孢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44340, encryptionId=82a24434020, topicName=头孢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55683, createdName=仁医06, createdTime=Mon Feb 12 12:36:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287145, encodeId=e57528e14552, content=学习.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sun Feb 11 19:29:46 CST 2018, time=2018-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286990, encodeId=9b9c286990b1, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Sun Feb 11 07:06:19 CST 2018, time=2018-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286930, encodeId=3db3286930ce, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Feb 11 06:00:41 CST 2018, time=2018-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286896, encodeId=0f302868964c, content=学习.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 22:53:50 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286865, encodeId=8c4028686531, content=学习了.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 21:49:25 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-10 惠映实验室

    学习.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-02-10 天地飞扬

    学习了.谢谢分享!

    0

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