Gastroenterology:咯血,呼叫胃肠病学家?

2018-08-06 白文元 消化客

一名56岁男性有继发于丙型病毒性肝炎的肝硬化(基因1A型HCV感染,MELD-Na评分14)及食管静脉曲张史(很久前有套扎治疗史),1天前出现咯血。

▌问题

一名56岁男性有继发于丙型病毒性肝炎的肝硬化(基因1A型HCV感染,MELD-Na评分14)及食管静脉曲张史(很久前有套扎治疗史),1天前出现咯血。他陈述自己前一天早上睡醒后出现咳嗽,最初咳出100ml鲜红色IBD%E8%AF%8A%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0-Part%202" target="_blank">血液,一共咯血六次,此后停止排便。患者之前没有咯血史,否认呕吐,腹痛和晕厥。没有使用可卡因药物服用史,明确陈述自己有轻微新发的呼吸困难。患者当前无发热,血压正常。在查体时,无肝性脑病,也无腹水、巩膜黄染或黄疸。患者有肺双侧基底部湿啰音及双侧下肢凹陷性水肿。实验室检查显示:血红蛋白为13.7 g/dL,血小板计数 59 000/mL,INR 1.4,Na+140 mmol/L,总胆红素 2.9 mg/dL,AST 107 U/L,ALT 66 U/L,肌酐0.54 mg/dL,尿液分析显示中度血尿。胸部CT显示:右上叶及下叶非特异性毛玻璃样混浊,可能有肺泡出血、与感染相关的毛细支气管炎或炎症。没有肺栓塞存在。

在食管IBD%E8%AF%8A%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0-Part%203" target="_blank">胃十二指肠镜检查中未找到上消化道出血、小食管静脉曲张(图A)及门静脉高压性病的证据。


▲ 图A

下一步该如何评估和管理?最可能的诊断是什么?

▌答案

门静脉高压性支气管病变

鉴于内镜评价为阴性,患者接受了灵活的支气管镜视频检查,显示明显的黏膜下血管增多,毛细血管扩张以及气管、右主干(图B),远端中支气管(图C)和左主干的静脉曲张。没有活动性出血,但在左侧主干支气管(图D)内侧壁上可看到有一片黑血,这可能是“元凶”。支气管CT血管造影动脉方案未显示可提示栓塞的靶标的肥大的支气管动脉或锁骨下血管系统进入纵隔的系统侧支循环。进一步检查是否为结缔组织病,结果为阴性(ANCA,Anti-GBM)。超声心动图显示:前二尖瓣小叶明显脱垂(可能是由于脐带破裂)、电轴偏移和严重的二尖瓣反流。患者开始使用非选择性β受体阻滞剂,以耐受性滴定来降低门静脉压力。根据超声心动图检查结果,显示患者不适合做经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)。随后其在诊所就诊,使用雷迪帕韦/ 索非布韦进行抗HCV治疗。在初发咯血后5年的随访期间,患者一直使用非选择性β受体阻滞剂,目前病情尚无进一步发展。


▲ 图B


▲ 图C


▲ 图D

我们提出了一种非常罕见的咯血病例,可能是继发于肝硬化所致的门静脉高压,我们称之为“门静脉高压性支气管病变”。在文献中很少有关于这种现象的报道,先前只报道过一个类似的患有肝硬化的案例,其他的与紫绀型心脏病或肺静脉病变相关。左胃静脉的后分支通过加入奇静脉、右后支气管静脉或右支气管上的静脉丛而终止。后支可直接加入曲张的食管旁静脉,因此,在门静脉高压的情况下,肺静脉系统会扩张和充血,并增加支气管内出血的风险。在精准CT成像为找到栓塞目标的情况下,门静脉高压症的主要治疗方法是使用非选择性阻滞剂或考虑行TIPS以降低门静脉压力。我们重申对门静脉高压且门体侧支稀少的患者维持高怀疑指数的重要性,一旦出现咯血可能会迅速致命。

原始出处:

Isaac Perry, Dhyanesh Patel. Hemoptysis: Call the gastroenterologist? Gastroenterology 2018 Jun 6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.035.

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072242, encodeId=3ea720e224262, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4ee84647' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7846, encryptionId=9d4ee84647, topicName=GAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e2dd327, createdName=许安, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 13:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1680145, encodeId=1e671680145d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c1118329384' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃肠病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83293, encryptionId=c1118329384, topicName=胃肠病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=832e27842266, createdName=jjjiang0208, createdTime=Thu Oct 04 23:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1809309, encodeId=ac06180930973, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6fb8329e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃肠病学家#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83297, encryptionId=b6fb8329e52, topicName=胃肠病学家)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Wed Jun 26 09:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1711584, encodeId=f74f1e11584b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9a1c289680' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AST#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2896, encryptionId=9a1c289680, topicName=AST)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b9831894722, createdName=ms24272190615788285182, createdTime=Tue Dec 18 02:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2064451, encodeId=067c2064451cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=94ffe853a7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gastroenterol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7853, encryptionId=94ffe853a7, topicName=Gastroenterol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=医者仁心, createdTime=Thu May 16 10:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337215, encodeId=741533e2156b, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 08 05:44:22 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337214, encodeId=4a3f33e21469, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 08 05:44:12 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1468553, encodeId=2be11468553f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=49dd3980615' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#咯血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39806, encryptionId=49dd3980615, topicName=咯血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0e3d6916225, createdName=feather80, createdTime=Wed Aug 08 05:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1504449, encodeId=8d051504449df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7730e85412' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gastroenterology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7854, encryptionId=7730e85412, topicName=Gastroenterology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5fc29706655, createdName=chaojitidian, createdTime=Wed Aug 08 05:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-08 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2072242, encodeId=3ea720e224262, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4ee84647' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7846, encryptionId=9d4ee84647, topicName=GAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e2dd327, createdName=许安, createdTime=Sun Jan 27 13:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1680145, encodeId=1e671680145d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c1118329384' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃肠病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83293, encryptionId=c1118329384, topicName=胃肠病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=832e27842266, createdName=jjjiang0208, createdTime=Thu Oct 04 23:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1809309, encodeId=ac06180930973, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6fb8329e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃肠病学家#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83297, encryptionId=b6fb8329e52, topicName=胃肠病学家)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Wed Jun 26 09:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1711584, encodeId=f74f1e11584b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9a1c289680' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AST#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2896, encryptionId=9a1c289680, topicName=AST)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b9831894722, createdName=ms24272190615788285182, createdTime=Tue Dec 18 02:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2064451, encodeId=067c2064451cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=94ffe853a7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gastroenterol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7853, encryptionId=94ffe853a7, topicName=Gastroenterol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=医者仁心, createdTime=Thu May 16 10:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337215, encodeId=741533e2156b, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 08 05:44:22 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337214, encodeId=4a3f33e21469, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Aug 08 05:44:12 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1468553, encodeId=2be11468553f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=49dd3980615' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#咯血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39806, encryptionId=49dd3980615, topicName=咯血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0e3d6916225, createdName=feather80, createdTime=Wed Aug 08 05:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1504449, encodeId=8d051504449df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7730e85412' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gastroenterology#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7854, encryptionId=7730e85412, topicName=Gastroenterology)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5fc29706655, createdName=chaojitidian, createdTime=Wed Aug 08 05:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-08 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    谢谢分享

    0

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快!病人大咯血了

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