这些高血压不能用硝普钠,与硝酸甘油有差异!

2018-04-04 刘维峰 邯郸市第一医院药学部 药评中心

高血压急症,指在短时间内血压严重升高,通常收缩压升高至180 mmHg和/或舒张压>120 mmHg。硝酸甘油和硝普钠,均属于血管扩张药,都可用于高血压急症,虽然同为「硝字辈」,但有许多不同。

高血压急症,指在短时间内血压严重升高,通常收缩压升高至180 mmHg和/或舒张压>120 mmHg。硝酸甘油和硝普钠,均属于血管扩张药,都可用于高血压急症,虽然同为「硝字辈」,但有许多不同。

一、药品

硝酸甘油注射液中含有无水乙醇,禁止与头孢类抗生素和硝基咪唑类抗菌药物等可引起双硫仑样反应的药物联用。

硝普钠只有注射剂一种剂型,但临床也有用吸入硝普钠代替吸入一氧化氮(NO)来治疗新生儿肺动脉高压。



二、给药方法

硝酸甘油具有较高的脂溶性,许多塑料输液器可以吸附硝酸甘油,甚至高达80%的吸附。因此不要使用聚氯乙烯做的输液器。

硝普钠新鲜配制的溶液为淡棕色,如变为暗棕色、橙色或蓝色应弃去;为了防止氰化物和硫氰酸盐中毒,连续给药一般不超过72小时。



三、作用特点

下面两点不同,主要决定了硝酸甘油与硝普钠适应症有所不同:

1、硝酸甘油降低舒张压幅度小,硝普钠降低舒张压幅度大,故硝酸甘油可维持较高的心肌灌注压,有利于心肌供血。

2、硝酸甘油有扩张冠状动脉的作用,可促进局部的冠脉血流向缺血区域,从而可改善缺血心肌的氧供应。



四、适应症和禁忌症

下面两点不同,主要决定了硝酸甘油与硝普钠的禁忌症有所不同:

1、硝酸甘油随给药剂量的增加,可致动脉压下降,从而控制性降压目的,但同时可引起反射性心动过速和颅内压增高,对原先颅内高压的病人尤为明显。

2、硝普钠降压的同时可激活交感-肾上腺素,肾素-血管紧张素系统,导致血儿茶酚胺及血管紧张素浓度增高、心率加快。



虽然硝酸甘油和硝普钠药品说明书的适应症包括围术期血压控制和高血压急症,但临床应根据疾病种类选用不同的静脉治疗药物。目前推荐的常用高血压急症静脉治疗药物见下表。

需要特别提醒的是,高血压急症的血压控制并非越快越好,应该有节奏、有目标地降低血压:第1~2小时使平均动脉压迅速下降(静脉给药),但不超过25%;第2~6小时将血压降至约160/100mmHg;第24~48小时逐步降低血压至接近基础血压。



五、不良反应

硝酸甘油的多数不良反应系血管舒张作用引起,如面部潮红、搏动性头痛等;因扩张脑膜血管和视网膜血管,故禁用于脑出血、颅内压增高和青光眼患者。

硝酸甘油用药过量可出现高铁血红蛋白血症,血液携氧能力减弱,组织缺氧,可采取静脉注射亚甲蓝等治疗。

硝普钠最主要的问题血压下降过低,以及代谢产物氰化物和硫氰酸盐的堆积,可引起中毒;合用硫代硫酸钠、维生素B12可预防大于常规用量可能引起的中毒。



原始出处:

1王军锋,曾荣,罗国超,等.硝酸甘油与硝普钠在控制性降压运用中的比较[J].中西医结合心血管病电子杂志,2014(2):94.

2陈新.硝酸甘油与硝普钠用于控制性降压的临床比较[J].中国医药指南,2011,09(23):236

3.中国医师协会急诊医师分会等.中国急诊高血压诊疗专家共识[J].中国急救医学,2018,38(1)

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    2018-04-10 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文章学习了

    0

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    2018-04-07 2227437833_79976374

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    2018-04-04 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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静注硝普钠都无效 如此顽固的高血压您见过吗?

女性40岁,以“高血压伴阵发性头痛4年、反复晕厥1年”于2004年9月6日入院。患者4年前(2000年)发现血压增高伴头痛,阵发性加剧,就诊于当地医院,测血压最高240/120mmHg,诊为“高血压”,口服卡托普利,普萘洛尔(具体不详),血压控制不良。1年前(2003年)无明显诱因症状加重,反复出现头痛、恶心、心悸,多次晕厥,于当地医院治疗效果欠佳,来我院急诊。