OCC2018:柳志红:重症肺动脉高压的识别和救治

2018-06-03 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

编者按:动脉性肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)是常见的临床病理生理综合征,进展快,预后差,及时识别和救治极为重要。OCC 2018大会上,国家心血管病中心、中国医学科学院阜外医院柳志红教授发表相关精彩报告,使参会者加深了对PAH的认识。

编者按:动脉性肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)是常见的临床病理生理综合征,进展快,预后差,及时识别和救治极为重要。OCC 2018大会上,国家心血管病中心、中国医学科学院阜外医院柳志红教授发表相关精彩报告,使参会者加深了对PAH的认识。

PAH是恶性进展性疾病,晚期PAH预后极差。据法国一项研究显示:入住ICU的危重PAH患者病死率达41%。一旦病情恶化,常规心血管病的抢救措施很难奏效,甚至会加重病情,是临床上非常棘手的难题。2015 ESC PAH指南建议根据估算的1年死亡率将患者分为低危、中危和高危 ,死亡风险分别为<5% 、5%~10%、>10%,我们所说的重症患者,通常指高危或中高危患者(见表1)。

回顾性分析2000~2004年入住阜外医院肺血管病中心因病情恶化经抢救无效死亡的19例PAH患者的临床资料,结果:12例患者住院诱因为肺部感染。l9例患者右心室内径与左心室内径之比(RV/LV)为(1.12±0.52)。死前诱发因素主要为大便用力(42,1%)和突然体位改变(10,5%);死前呼吸频率及心率明显加快,超声心动图检查示右心室较入院时明显扩大,左心室内径进一步缩小。分析患者直接死亡原因,l0例为心源性休克(52,6%),6例为急性肺水肿(31,6%),2例为失血性休克(10,5%),1例为呼吸衰竭(5,2%)。

因此,重症PAH尤其是心 内径之比RV/LV>1.0预后差,常在使心率加快、回心血量骤然减少等诱发因素下启动急性肺水肿或心源性休克,此时常规抢救措施无力使患者生还。在没有靶向药的时代,积极预防和控制各项诱发因素,避免使患者心跳加快是医生所能采取的主要措施。2006年用于治疗PAH的靶向药吸入用伊洛前列素溶液和波生坦先后在中国上市,给PAH患者带来了生存希望。

表1.  2015 ESC PAH风险评估



重症(ICU)PAH、右心心力衰竭患者的管理原则

1. 基本监测  

包括生命体征(心率,血压,体温和血氧饱和度)、出入量(难治性心力衰竭、稀释性低钠患者严格控制液体入量,血管加压素V2受体拮抗剂的使用)、中心静脉压、中心静脉血氧饱和度及血乳酸水平。中心静脉血氧饱和度低于60%,结合乳酸水平上升或无尿预示着右心心力衰竭的发生。

2. 去除诱发因素

感染,心律失常,贫血的治疗等。

3. 除外其他合并症  

如肺栓塞、心肌梗死等情况。 必要时放置右心导管以了解血流动力学的变化。

4. 合理应用正性变力药物增加心排量  

心衰竭首选多巴酚丁胺;合并严重低血压患者可合并使用多巴胺,或去甲肾上腺素;如患者应用多巴胺导致心律失常时可考虑给予米力农;钙增敏剂-左西孟旦增加肌钙蛋白C对心肌细胞内Ca2+的敏感性,提高心肌收缩力,增加心搏出量,但不影响细胞内Ca2+浓度;作用于平滑肌细胞膜ATP-敏感性钾通道,减轻心脏的前后负荷。增加内皮细胞eNOS的活性,NO增多,血管扩张。多项随机对照研究显示,作为一种变力性扩血管药物,可产生剂量依赖性心输出量和每搏输出量增加效应,同时还可降低肺毛细血管楔压和肺动脉压。初步数据表明,左西孟旦用于治疗PAH患者时也可产生相似的有益血流动力学效应 。

5. 降低右心室后负荷  

在上述措施的基础上尽早给予降低PAH的靶向药物,特别是经静脉用前列环素类药物如曲前列尼尔注射液和吸入用伊洛前列素溶液,是救治是否能成功的关键。

6.经皮球囊心房间隔造口术

适应证:晚期PAHNYHA功能IV级;经充分药物治疗仍反复出现晕厥和/或右心心力衰竭者;用于肺移植术前过渡,或其它治疗无效的情况下使用。

禁忌证:终末期患者、RAP>20 mm Hg、静息心室内空气状态下 SaO2<85%。

7.左心室辅助装置  

右心心力衰竭急性恶化,且药物治疗无效时,右心室辅助装置可提供短期支持以过渡到手术治疗。体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)应选择性应用。ECMO 可改善氧合,但无法降低右心室后负荷。在这些患者中使用ECMO的两个主要目的是桥接到恢复或肺移植。

8. 单肺、双肺或心肺移植  

适用于顽固性右心心力衰药物治疗无效的患者。总的5年生存率45%~50%, 晚近数据显示已升至52%~75% ,10年生存率达 45%~66%。结缔组织病相关性PAH预后比特发性PAH差,而PVOD、PCH尚无有效药物,预后极差,是移植的重点患者。

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    2021-01-11 ms1000000729993584

    学习

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    2018-06-05 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.长知识

    0

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    2018-06-05 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-05 zhaojie88
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    2018-06-03 明天jing

    肺动脉高压表面是罕见病,事实上临床上并不少见,治疗药物虽然有一些,但是整体仍然不理解,可能未来需要采用综合治疗措施。

    0

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    2018-06-03 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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