从犬伤门诊的设立 看医院精细化管理

2017-12-27 吴越、李恒新等 中国卫生质量杂志

很多卫生领域的学者热衷于研究精细化管理在医院的实施,其原则是“精、准、细、严”。

管理分为规范化、精细化和个性化3个层次。精细化管理强调将组织战略目标分解细化,并让战略规划贯彻落实到每个环节,其是提高组织整体执行能力和工作效率的有效途径。精细化管理理念被广泛应用于医院管理实践中,但较少涉及疾控机构单病种防治工作。西安市疾病预防控制中心(简称CDC)于2013年在全国首次对狂犬病、艾滋病、结核病、手足口病和肾综合征出血热等5项重点疾病防治工作实施单病种精细化管理。本研究分析了狂犬病防治工作精细化管理实践过程和取得的效果,以期为其他疾病预防机构提供借鉴意义。

1 精细化管理体系构建

1.1 精细化管理工作网络

西安市CDC构建了犬伤门诊和疾控机构防治结合工作网络。犬伤门诊负责规范开展犬伤处置、健康教育和逐级上报数据等工作;疾控机构提供技术指导、培训和督导检查工作,以实现精细化管理。

1.1.1犬伤门诊  要求各区县至少设立两家犬伤门诊,必须设在医疗机构,CDC不得设置。能够24小时承担狂犬病暴露人员的伤口处理、狂犬疫苗接种及狂犬病人免疫球蛋白的注射工作;医务人员必须经培训后上岗。此外,根据各区县上报的犬伤门诊情况,按照设置要求进行筛查审核,建立纳入和取消机制。

除规范开展犬伤处置工作外,犬伤门诊还承担数据上报和健康教育工作。(1)要求全市门诊将每月处置的病例详细情况(年龄、性别、咬伤部位、伤口分级、疫苗和免疫球蛋白注射情况等)录入数据库,并遵循犬伤患者就诊登记工作制度,及时上报相关数据。由各区县CDC负责主动监测狂犬病疫情,对每例病例进行流行病学调查,西安市CDC负责每月的数据整理和分析,并定期更新升级数据库。(2)线上线下多渠道宣传教育。线上定期通过《华商报》《西安晚报》及市CDC网站和官方微博等媒体发布狂犬病发病预警监测信息和暴露处置常识,线下定期发放宣传资料,以多种渠道宣传狂犬病防控知识和就医指南。

1.1.2 疾控机构  疾控机构主要提供技术指导、培训和督导检查。(1)对犬伤门诊医务人员进行每年至少1次的专业技术培训,内容主要包括狂犬病暴露预防处置操作规范、相关政策解读以及解决上年度工作中存在问题。(2)对各区(县)狂犬病防制工作进行每年至少两次督导检查。主要检查各区(县)CDC狂犬病防制工作计划、支撑条件,犬伤人规范化处理规范性,并使用狂犬病精细化管理检查表对其工进行考核评分。

1.2 考核体系

西安市CDC立足全市狂犬病疫情现状,参考当年人群摸底和疫情估计结果,制定《狂犬病精细化管理方案》。它将中央转移支付狂犬病防治项目、狂犬病考评指标要求、国家狂犬病相关工作方案、上级其他委托项目等有机整合,形成了覆盖全面、目标明确、分工细致的管理方案。其核心内容分为疾控机构精细化管理工作计划及考核指标和犬伤门诊考核指标,见表1和表2。每一项目标都有对应的指标,以有效落实责任目标。

2 效果评价

2.1 狂犬病发病病例数变化情况

2010年至2013年狂犬病临床诊断、疑似病例以及实验诊断病例数均呈逐年递增趋势。2012年到2015年死亡病例数逐年下降,依次为18例、10例、5例、0例。根据全国狂犬病发病情况分布研究,2008年至2014年,陕西省狂犬病发病持续明显增加,而西安市疾控中心统计数据却呈明显下降趋势。由此说明,西安市CDC狂犬病的防治精细化管理实施能够显着降低狂犬病发病病例数。

2.2 狂犬门诊规范化处理病例数变化情况

从图2可以看出,2013年开始实施规范化整治后,处理病例数每月、每年较上一年均明显增加。由此说明,西安市CDC狂犬病的防治精细化管理实施能够有明显增加犬伤门诊规范化处理病例数。


图2  西安市2013年~2015年狂犬门诊规范化处理病例数雷达图



注:本表来源于《陕西省犬伤门诊规范化建设评分表》

2.3 狂犬病防控知识知晓情况

2013年全市狂犬病防控知识回答正确率约为50.3%,2014年提高至56.8%。其中,发生犬咬伤后使用20%的肥皂水冲洗15分钟以上的知晓率由68.7%提高到了80.4%;狂犬疫苗全程接种知晓率由82.3%提高到了90.1%。

每年被犬咬伤的人数变化较小,但暴露预防规范化处理病例数每年每月较上年都显着增加。由此说明,一方面,民众防治知识知晓率提高;另一方面,狂犬病暴露预防处置门诊进行规范建设,使广大人民群众能够及时、就近规范化处置伤口,接种疫苗,积极预防狂犬病的发生。

3 分析与讨论

很多卫生领域的学者热衷于研究精细化管理在医院的实施,其原则是“精、准、细、严”。对单病种精细化管理体系构建过程分析如下:(1)“精”促进执行力提高。精细化首先是一种文化理念,其次是管理行为。西安市CDC通过严格制定精细化管理方案,将管理责任具体化、明确化,实现精细化目标,但应注重理念和组织价值观的培养,以免落入形式化管理误区。(2)“准”即提供准确的信息和数据,产生准确的决策和效果。西安市CDC初步建立了数据库,实现了从无到有。但与其他医疗机构信息系统相比功能则有限,只可进行简单数据上报,且合理的医疗机构信息化建设对于医疗机构全面管理、节约人力物力、提高管理效率都非常有效。(3)“细”是执行力方式的体现。单病种管理是医院管理的重要内容,包括病种质量管理、单病种限价、按病种收费以及临床路径研究等。西安市CDC是国内首次尝试实施单病种精细化管理,并取得较好成效。从精细化管理方案制定到建立防治结合工作网络,“细”体现到日常防治工作中的各个方面。(4)“严”即严格执行标准和制度。西安市CDC虽初步实施了精细化管理并取得一定成效,但整体规范性较低。如全市58家犬伤门诊无相应配套经费,也未统一配置硬件设施,部分门诊面积、分隔区域、硬件设施无法达到省级规范化建设标准,这会影响执行标准和制度的偏差。

精细化管理是公共部门发展的必然结果,更是医疗机构管理手段先进的一种表现。但需深刻理解精细化管理理念,并建立和完善相应管理机制,给予强有力的组织措施和合理的激励机制进行保障。一是加强教育培养,在组织内部确立精细化理念;二是加大政府投入力度,对犬伤门诊硬件设施进行统一配置;三是完善信息化建设,提升决策依据准确性和精细化管理效率;四是加强部门合作,预防狂犬病需要多部门共同协调配合,共同开展狂犬病防治工作。

《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》提出,把健康摆在优先发展战略地位,坚持预防为主、防治结合。政府职能精细化管理是我国行政管理体制改革的重要方面,疾控机构实施精细化管理,实现权责一致,能够便于科学决策、顺畅执行和有效监督,这也是适应中国特色社会主义行政管理体制的要求。

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    2017-12-27 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2017-12-27 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

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    2017-12-27 swfzhanggui

    防治狂犬病.密切监测

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    2017-12-27 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    精细化管理.促进医院发展.

    0

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