恒牙根尖诱导成形术后发生复杂冠根折1例

2018-10-10 马学娟 朱姝 陈旭 中国实用口腔科杂志

患者男,10岁。2006年3月,左上后牙肿痛,于当地医院行开髓引流,未见明显好转,

当年轻恒牙发生牙髓严重病变或根尖周感染时,会影响牙根的继续发育,造成牙根薄弱易折裂、牙根短小、冠根比例不协调等问题,大大降低患牙在口腔中的留存时间。临床上年轻恒牙牙髓感染常用的治疗方法是根尖诱导成形术,其是在控制感染基础上用药物及手术方法保存根尖部的牙髓或使根尖周沉积硬组织,促使牙根继续发育和根尖形成的治疗方法。氢氧化钙制剂类药物是目前根尖诱导常用药物,其成功率在74%~96%。有研究显示,经过根尖诱导成形术和牙胶充填根管后,牙根大部分发育完成的年轻恒牙根折的概率为28%。本文报道1例年轻恒牙根尖诱导成形术后随访4年发生复杂冠根折的病例。
 
1.病例资料
 
患者男,10岁。2006年3月,左上后牙肿痛,于当地医院行开髓引流,未见明显好转,转诊至中国医科大学附属口腔医院儿童口腔科。口腔检查:15髓腔开放,溢脓,叩痛(±),松动度(-),牙龈组织未见明显异常。影像学检查:5牙根发育2/3,根尖周透射影。诊断:5慢性根尖周炎。治疗计划:5根尖诱导成形术。.
 
经患者及家属知情同意后,治疗如下。(1)初诊:15放置橡皮障,根管预备,1%次氯酸钠、生理盐水反复交替冲洗根管,Vitapex根管封药,氧化锌暂封。(2)1周复诊:15暂封物完好,根管内无渗出,Vitapex根尖诱导成形术。(3)3个月复诊:15叩痛(±),松动度(-),根尖区黏膜组织未见异常。根尖片示根尖部糊剂有部分吸收。更换Vitapex糊剂。(4)6、9个月复诊:根尖片示根尖周阴影缩小,根尖周骨质修复。(5)12、15、21个月复诊:根尖周骨质继续修复,根尖孔基本闭合。15个月根尖片示糊剂有部分吸收,再次更换Vitapex糊剂。(6)24个月复诊:根管内探查根尖钙化屏障形成,匿根管治疗,3M光敏树脂修复。(7)48个月复诊:患者自诉近日进食后左上后牙牙龈肿胀感。临床检查:匿充填物完好,无继发龋坏,探针探查牙冠颊舌向纵裂劈开。根尖片示:15根管管腔有间隙,根尖周透射影。诊断:匿复杂冠根折。处置:5拔除。
 
图1  年轻恒牙根尖诱导成形术后4年发生复杂冠根折病例诊疗随访x线片。a.门诊;b.根尖诱导成形术即刻;c.术后3个月;d.术后3个月更换Vitapex即刻;e~h.术后6、9、12、15个月;i.术后15个月更换Vitapex即刻;j.术后21个月;k.术后24个月;l.术后48个月。
 
图2  根尖诱导成形术后4年患牙颊舌向纵裂口内照片
 
2.讨论
 
年轻恒牙萌出后牙根的继续发育依赖于根管内的生活牙髓和根尖牙乳头,当年轻恒牙牙髓出现病变后,牙根将停止发育,临床上针对这种病例常采用氢氧化钙及其制剂类药物进行根管消毒,并诱导根尖形成钙化屏障,这主要是利用氢氧化钙的强碱性(pH值12.5~12.8)可中和炎性细胞的酸性产物,促使根尖周结缔组织细胞的分化,使根管侧壁沉积类牙骨质和类骨质,诱导硬组织形成。Vitapex糊剂是以氢氧化钙、碘仿、聚硅氧烷油为主要成分的预混型糊剂,既可以保留氢氧化钙的功能,同时加入的碘仿遇到组织液可以缓慢释放出游离碘达到持续杀菌、减少组织液渗出的作用;碘仿是一种能阻射x线的材料,便于观察根管充填及药物吸收情况;聚硅氧烷油可使充填料有良好的渗透性和流动性。
 
Vitapex糊剂在临床中应用于根尖诱导取得了良好的效果,但存在治疗周期长、易发生根折的缺点。矿物三氧化物凝聚体(MTA)应用于年轻恒牙根尖诱导,可以减少根折的风险,并能促进根尖封闭及根尖周炎症的愈合;但其可操作性差,费用高。
 
本病例应用Vitapex糊剂24个月时形成钙化屏障,并进行根管治疗,随访4年出现冠根折,其原因可能有以下几个方面:(1)对于伴有根尖周炎的患牙,封药后氢氧化钙易被炎性组织吸收,超充的糊剂被吸收后,炎症组织可进人根管,破坏根尖的正常修复。(2)长期在根管内使用氢氧化钙制剂类封药会破坏牙本质胶原纤维与羟基磷灰石晶体之问的连接,降低牙本质抗折强度;同时,由于氢氧化钙具有吸湿性和蛋白水解特性,会使牙齿变脆,增加了患牙根折的风险。(3)经根尖诱导成形术后虽然根尖周出现骨质修复,但根管壁未增厚,也使患牙的根折风险增加。对于牙髓坏死的年轻恒牙如何诱导根管内组织再生,而不是用材料人工充填根管将是未来研究的方向。
 
目前,牙髓血管再生治疗可作为年轻恒牙感染牙髓治疗的新选择,其是一种以生物学为基础取代受损牙齿结构(包括牙本质、牙根和牙髓牙本质复合体)的治疗技术。有病例报道,经过治疗的年轻恒牙根尖周炎症愈合,根管壁增厚,牙根延长,根尖闭合,获得了与生理性发育相似的牙根发育,降低了远期根折的风险。对于需要做根尖诱导成形术的患牙,可以先尝试进行牙髓血管再生治疗,如治疗失败再行根尖诱导成形术。

原始出处:

[1]马学娟,朱姝,陈旭.年轻恒牙根尖诱导成形术后4年发生复杂冠根折1例报告[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2017,(9):572-573. DOI:10.19538/j.kq.2017.09.014.

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    2018-10-12 zhaozuguo
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