AJG:米多君、可乐定利于控制肝硬化难治性腹水

2013-05-09 AJG dxy

在肝硬化腹水患者中出现难治性腹水的几率约5% - 10%,此类患者死亡率极高。难治性腹水因内脏动脉血管舒张,交感神经系统(SNS)及肾素– 血管紧张素– 醛固酮系统(RAAS)过度活化所致。治疗难治性腹水的方案主要包括腹腔穿刺腹水引流术、肝移植、经颈静脉门体分流术等。目前血管加压治疗用于预防腹腔穿刺放腹水治疗后引起的体循环不良,如肝肾综合征等,发挥改善循环,保护肾功能的作用,并对顽固性腹水有一定治

在肝硬化腹水患者中出现难治性腹水的几率约5% - 10%,此类患者死亡率极高。难治性腹水因内脏动脉血管舒张,交感神经系统(SNS)及肾素– 血管紧张素– 醛固酮系统(RAAS)过度活化所致。治疗难治性腹水的方案主要包括腹腔穿刺腹水引流术、肝移植、经颈静脉门体分流术等。目前血管加压治疗用于预防腹腔穿刺放腹水治疗后引起的体循环不良,如肝肾综合征等,发挥改善循环,保护肾功能的作用,并对顽固性腹水有一定治疗效果。肝硬化患者存在交感神经系统过度活化,刺激肾α2 – 肾上腺素能受体,引起钠水潴留,导致腹水形成。在肝硬化存在交感神经系统过度活化的患者中,使用交感神经系统抑制剂可以诱导对利尿剂的早期应答,降低利尿剂的用量,减少并发症的出现。盐酸可乐定可刺激脑干α2-肾上腺素能受体。该作用导致交感神经从中枢神经系统的传出减少,从而使外周阻力、肾脏血管阻力、心率以及血压降低,并可抑制肾素– 血管紧张素– 醛固酮系统的活性。盐酸米多君是一种前体药,并经酶促水解,代谢为药理学上有活性物质脱甘氨酸米多君。脱甘氨酸米多君选择性地刺激外周α-肾上腺素能受体。引起小静脉以及在较小的程度上小动脉的收缩,从而升高收缩压,并可导致心输出量和肾血流量的轻度减少。有研究表明可乐定联合利尿剂使用控制腹水的效果优于单独应用利尿剂。但可乐定和米多君联合应用于肝硬化难治性腹水治疗尚无相关研究。印度昌迪加尔医学研究院肝病研究所的Virendra Singh等人研究了米多君、可乐定及两药联用对于肝硬化患者血流动力学、肾功能、腹水以及难治性复发性腹水的影响。结果发现在标准药物治疗的基础上加用米多君或可乐定可以更好的控制腹水。该结果发表在2013年4月的The American Journal of Gastroenterology上。
作者在一个三级中心中实施了一项随机对照前瞻性研究。将60名肝硬化合并难治性或复发性腹水的患者分为4组,一组给予标准药物治疗(n=15),一组给予可乐定+标准药物治疗(n=15),一组给予米多君+标准药物治疗(n=15),另一组为米多君+可乐定+标准药物治疗。在长期用药之后对比各项指标进行评估。结果显示:给药1月后,除可乐定+标准药物治疗组患者外,其余所有组别患者尿量、尿钠排泄、平均动脉压显著升高,血浆肾素活性明显降低(P< 0.05)。心输出量也较治疗前显著下降(P< 0.05),外周循环阻力显著增加(P< 0.05)。但在肾小球滤过率及终末期肝病疾病评分方面无变化。在腹水控制情况方面,多米君+标准药物治疗组以及多米君+可乐定+标准药物治疗组患者指标改善情况优于单独应用标准药物治疗组(P=0.05),在可乐定+标准药物治疗组患者中存在难治性腹水更好的得到控制的趋势(P=0.1)。所有组别中死亡率及各种并发症发生率方面并无明显差别。
上述结果表明,米多君、可乐定以及两药联用并同时使用标准治疗药物治疗能够更好的改善肝硬化患者的血流动力学,并对肝肾功能无任何不良影响,且比单独应用标准药物在控制腹水方面效果更显著。然而两药联用的效果并不优于单药结合标准药物治疗的效果。
肝硬化相关的拓展阅读:


Midodrine and clonidine in patients with cirrhosis and refractory or recurrent ascites: a randomized pilot study.
OBJECTIVES
Splanchnic arterial vasodilatation and subsequent activation of anti-natriuretic and vasoconstrictive mechanisms have an important role in cirrhotic ascites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of midodrine, clonidine, and their combination on systemic hemodynamics, renal function, and control of ascites in patients with cirrhosis and refractory or recurrent ascites.
METHODS
Sixty cirrhotic patients with refractory or recurrent ascites were prospectively studied after long-term administration of clonidine (n=15) or midodrine (n=15), or both (n=15) plus standard medical therapy (SMT), or SMT alone (n=15), in a randomized controlled trial at a tertiary center.
RESULTS
A significant increase in urinary volume, urinary sodium excretion, mean arterial pressure, and decrease in plasma renin activity (P<0.05) was noted after 1 month. There was also a significant decrease in cardiac output (P<0.05) and increase in systemic vascular resistance (P<0.05) in all groups, except clonidine. There was no change in glomerular filtration rate and model for end-stage liver disease score. Midodrine and a combination of midodrine and clonidine plus SMT were superior to SMT alone in the control of ascites (P=0.05), and there was a trend towards better control of ascites in the clonidine group (P=0.1). The mortality and frequency of various complications were similar in all groups.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that midodrine, clonidine, and their combination plus SMT improves the systemic hemodynamics without any renal or hepatic dysfunction, and is superior to SMT alone for the control of ascites. However, the combination therapy was not superior to midodrine or clonidine alone.

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    2013-07-29 minzju5052
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    2013-05-11 freve
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    2013-05-11 by2014