全身型幼年特发性关节炎合并巨噬细胞活化综合征的诊治进展

2018-07-09 李彩凤 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院 西京风湿免疫

幼年特发性关节炎(JIA):持续6周或6周以上的单关节或多关节炎,16岁以前起病,并除外其他已知原因的一类疾病。

幼年特发性关节炎(JIA):持续6周或6周以上的单关节或多关节炎,16岁以前起病,并除外其他已知原因的一类疾病。

临床表现不同分为以下类型:

 全身型关节炎;

 寡关节炎型(持续性、进展性);

 多关节炎型(RF阴性、RF阳性);

 银屑病性关节炎型;

 附着点炎相关关节炎型;

 未分化关节炎型。

其中以全身型(SJIA)最为严重,SJIA 是一种以固有免疫为主的自身炎症综合征,具体发病原因尚不明确,遗传、感染等因素都可能诱发该病。

以发热、皮疹、关节炎为三大主征,临床上可表现为:发热、皮疹、心包炎、心肌炎、心内膜炎、脾大、肝功能异常、中枢神经系统表现、关节炎、滑膜炎、肌痛、肌炎、脾脏及淋巴结肿大。

它具有病程长、病情严重、易发生致死率较高的并发症巨噬细胞活化综合征 (MAS)、关节炎致残率高等特点,其治疗是以迅速控制活动性症状和炎症反应,预防关节破坏和功能受限,治疗相关并发症,预防生长障碍为目标。

SJIA实验室检查特点

WBC增高、中性粒细胞增多、慢性炎症性贫血、血小板增多,急性期反应物:ESR、CRP、铁蛋白、SAA、补体均增高,高丙种球蛋白血症、低白蛋白血症。

当出现不明原因的长时间发热(表现为发热时间常大于 2 周,高热,体温大于 38.5 ℃,对抗生素治疗无效);皮疹(具有热出疹出、热退疹退的特点);肝、脾及淋巴结肿大;关节疼痛等。同时,可通过血液学、骨穿等检查,与其他疾病进行鉴别,在排除结核、肿瘤(尤其是白血病)、川崎病等后方可确诊sJIA。

患儿体内在高炎症状态下,易导致机体内细胞因子「瀑布」效应,伴有急、重并发症 MAS。

MAS的临床特征

 临床表现:高热不退、快速进展的肝功衰竭、脑病、肺水肿、循环衰竭、全血细胞减低、粘膜出血、紫癜、瘀斑,偶有肾脏和心脏受累。

 临床表现变化程度:可以非常严重,由于循环、呼吸、肾脏功能衰竭而入ICU;也可以表现为持续发热、不伴有明显器官肿大,血象相对降低,轻微的凝血功能障碍。

MAS的实验室检查

全血细胞减低,也可一系减低;血清肝酶增高;血凝异常;甘油三酯增高;白蛋白减低;血钠减低;血沉降低(是的,MAS时血沉降低);高铁蛋白血症(可作为早期诊断指标)。

组织病理学特征:单核巨噬系统活化,大量增生,细胞内吞噬血细胞现象。

2016年SJIA合并MAS分类标准

1. 铁蛋白>684ng/ml;

2. 血小板≤181×109/L;

3. AST>48U/L;

4. TG>156mg/dL(1.76mmol/L);

5. 纤维蛋白原≤3.6g/L。

诊断条件:确诊或疑似SJIA的发热患者,符合以上条件可以诊断为MAS。

第1条为必备条件,2-5满足任意2条或2条以上(实验室数据异常需除外免疫性血小板减少、传染性肝炎、内脏利什曼病或家族性高血脂症等疾病)

说明:骨髓中噬血现象在早期并不一定出现,因此未纳入标准。

2013年ACR关于JIA治疗建议(2011版)的更新——MAS的治疗方案

 甲强龙静脉冲击治疗:首选应用,剂量为30mg/Kg.d,连用3-5天,然后为强的松口服,效果不好者,可重复应用静脉冲击治疗。

 环孢素的应用:激素耐药者可选用,剂量为2-8mg/Kg.d,病情稳定后改为口服治疗。

 人免疫球蛋白的应用。

 阿纳白滞素可用于治疗SJIA合并MAS。

 不推荐使用如下用药:阿达木单抗、卡那单抗、英夫利昔单抗、托珠单抗和甲氨蝶呤。

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    2018-07-11 lmm397
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    2018-07-10 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

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