Science:谷氨酰胺拮抗剂——“代谢检查点”广谱抗癌药曙光初现

2019-11-12 Blake 转化医学网

肿瘤代谢改变可作为肿瘤药物开发的靶点。近日,约翰·霍普金斯大学研究人员开发了一种可阻断谷氨酰胺代谢的化合物,该化合物可抑制肿瘤生长,改变肿瘤微环境,并可改变T细胞代谢,引起持续而强烈的抗肿瘤反应。

肿瘤代谢改变可作为肿瘤药物开发的靶点。近日,约翰·霍普金斯大学研究人员开发了一种可阻断谷氨酰胺代谢的化合物,该化合物可抑制肿瘤生长,改变肿瘤微环境,并可改变T细胞代谢,引起持续而强烈的抗肿瘤反应。



肿瘤细胞具有特殊的营养和代谢需求,其代谢通路也发生了改变。具有代表性的是Warburg效应,即对大量的葡萄糖进行糖酵解并产生乳酸,以提供足够的ATP和NAD+。另外,谷氨酰胺也在提供碳源和氮源中起重要作用。谷氨酰胺能够通过TCA循环产生代谢中间物,以合成生长必须的脂质、蛋白和核酸。
 
该药物是一种谷氨酰胺拮抗剂DON的前体药物。谷氨酰胺代谢存在于所有细胞中,但是,DON前体药物可选择性的靶向谷氨酰胺依赖性的肿瘤细胞。因此,理论上,该药物可应用于不同类型的癌症。
 
首先,Powell及其同事构建了几种小鼠肿瘤模型,包括结肠癌淋巴瘤、黑色素瘤,以测试DON前体药物——JHU083。
 
在最初的设想中,Powell希望该药物阻断肿瘤细胞谷氨酰胺代谢后,可以达到两种效果:抑制肿瘤生长,改变肿瘤微环境。因为肿瘤代谢异常,往往呈酸性、缺氧且营养缺乏,这种微环境对于免疫细胞的生存和发挥杀伤功能是非常不利的。
 
动物实验结果表明,JHU083可通过改变肿瘤代谢来改变肿瘤微环境,使T细胞恢复功能,进而导致肿瘤消退。而且,对于那些肿瘤消退的小鼠,重新注射肿瘤细胞后,这些小鼠都未形成肿瘤,说明经过JHU083治疗后的小鼠形成了免疫记忆。



动物实验中,谷氨酰胺拮抗剂JHU083可使肿瘤体积缩小、生存期延长
 
他们也测试了JHU083联合免疫检查点药物PD-1的效果,最初,他们担心如果同时使用两种药物,代谢阻断不仅会影响肿瘤细胞,也会对T细胞代谢产生不良影响,进而影响免疫检测点药物的效果。然而,他们惊讶的发现,同时使用两种药物的抗肿瘤效果要远远好于单独使用PD-1。
 
进一步的研究发现JHU083并没有抑制T细胞功能,反而对T细胞有强烈而直接的增强作用。为探索其原因,他们对效应T细胞和肿瘤细胞进行了基因表达分析和比较,发现了二者代谢差异巨大,而且这些差异是由于谷氨酰胺拮抗剂引起的。



谷氨酰胺拮抗剂导致CD8+T细胞TCA循环增强(右图),肿瘤细胞MC38的TCA循环减弱(中间),左图为快速增殖细胞的代谢通路示意图
 
这些谷氨酰胺拮抗剂导致的代谢变化使得肿瘤浸润T细胞能够长期的、有效的杀伤肿瘤细胞,而非处于耗竭状态。Powell说,“通过阻断谷氨酰胺代谢,这些T细胞的作用更加持久,而且更像记忆性细胞。”
 
既然JHU083可增强细胞治疗效果,说明这种新方法可用来增强CAR-T等免疫细胞的疗效,因此在一些免疫细胞联合治疗中很有意义。
 
JHU083通过对T细胞和肿瘤细胞不同的代谢通路的调节,从而对T细胞的增强和对肿瘤细胞抑制。这种T细胞和肿瘤细胞代谢通路的巨大差异可作为新的靶点,以开发新的代谢拮抗剂。而且,即使一些肿瘤细胞代谢通路发生改变,比如对JHU083产生了耐药性,也可以通过另外一种代谢拮抗剂来避免逃逸。

原始出处:

Robert D. Leone1, Liang Zhao1, Judson M. Englert1, et.al. Glutamine blockade induces divergent metabolic programs to overcome tumor immune evasion. Science  07 Nov 2019:eaav2588 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2588

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    2020-06-21 yangpeizhi
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    2019-11-14 sunylz
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    2019-11-14 jichang
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FDA加速批准第三款“不限癌种”疗法

8月15日,FDA加速批准罗氏Rozlytrek(Entrectinib,恩曲替尼)上市,用于治疗神经营养性酪氨酸受体激酶(NTRK)基因融合阳性的晚期复发实体瘤成人和儿童患者。同时,FDA还批准Rozlytrek用于治疗携带ROS1基因突变的转移性非小细胞肺癌。这是继Keytruda和Vitrakvi之后,FDA批准的第三款“不限癌种”的抗癌疗法。

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