盘点:2017年12月Nature Medicine研究精选

2017-12-21 zhangfan MedSci原创

2017年12月Nature Medicine研究精选



【1】封面文章--科学家首次在培养皿中成功模拟"肝癌肿瘤"


近日科学家首次在实验室中开发了迷你人类原发性肝癌的生物模型。研究结果发表在《自然医学》杂志中,这一实验室模型的建立可以用于肝癌药物的研发过程。

原发性肝癌是世界第二最致命的癌症,为了更好地理解这种疾病的生物学,并且发展潜在的治疗方法,研究人员需要模型可以在实验室中生长,并能准确反映肿瘤的患者中是如何表现的。

在此次研究中,研究人员创建了迷你肿瘤(0.5毫米),模仿原发性肝癌的三种最常见的形式。肿瘤细胞是从8个病人手术切除而来,生长在一个包含特定的营养物质的培养皿中,研究团队使用这一模型测试了29不同药物的疗效,然后研究人员将经过测试的化合物移植到肝癌小鼠的体内,结果证实可以有效的缩小肿瘤。

【2】SERCA2b蛋白--哺乳动物调节体温以及机体血糖平衡的新途径


近日,来自加州大学旧金山分校糖尿病研究中心的 Shingo Kajimura 博士带领的研究团队发现了哺乳动物调节体温以及机体血糖平衡的另一重要途径。

哺乳动物米色脂肪细胞中存在一种名为 SERCA2b 的蛋白质,这种蛋白质激活后可以显著增强米色脂肪细胞的糖酵解以及线粒体有氧呼吸功能,加速对葡萄糖和脂肪酸的摄取和分解,释放大量热量,同时增强机体对于胰岛素的敏感性。

通过对小鼠进行转基因改造,诱导其白色脂肪组织中产生大量的米色脂肪细胞,然后进行转录组分析,结果发现,相比与白色脂肪组织,米色脂肪细胞中有 391 个基因的表达显着上调,这些基因主要与细胞的糖酵解,线粒体有氧呼吸以及脂肪酸代谢密切相关。在米色脂肪细胞中,SERCA2b 蛋白含量显著上升。

进一步研究发现,机体产生的肾上腺素可以激活SERCA2b蛋白,导致钙离子进入细胞内,使细胞的糖酵解以及线粒体有氧呼吸功能增加近 80%,同时摄取和分解大量的葡萄糖以及脂肪酸,产生大量的热量。含大量米色脂肪细胞的转基因小鼠相比与野生小鼠,体重对高脂饮食的敏感性降低。

【3】整合素β7蛋白或成为CAR-T治疗多发性骨髓瘤的特异性新靶点


近日,来自日本大阪大学的研究团队发现了一个极具潜力的多发性骨髓瘤治疗靶点,实验结果表明,整合素β7蛋白(integrin β7)的活性构象对多发性骨髓瘤细胞具有特异性,或可成为CAR T细胞治疗的靶点。

研究人员首先建立了>10000个产生与各种MM细胞系反应的mAbs的杂交瘤,选择并储存大约500个产生不与正常外周血单核细胞(PBMC)结合的mAbs的杂交瘤。接下来,他们使用候选mAbs对MM患者的骨髓(BM)细胞进行染色,最终鉴定出一种称为MMG49的特殊抗体,其在51个MM样本中45个,都显示出了与MM细胞的结合,但对正常白细胞或非MM细胞的结合可忽略。研究进一步证实该抗体只能靶向integrinβ7的活性构象。由于integrin β7在大多数骨髓瘤细胞中高度表达并且具有活性构象,因此研究人员使用来自MMG29单克隆抗体的片段开发了MMG49 CAR T细胞。结果发现,MMG49 CAR T细胞会特异性的杀死小鼠体内的骨髓瘤细胞,具有显著的抗癌效果,并且对正常细胞没有损害。

【4】白脂素是中枢性食欲激素


鉴于食物的稀缺性,饥饿生存能力是进化的一个关键驱动力。哺乳动物通过激活一系列由激素精确协调过程来应对饥饿。在禁食的早期阶段,有两个协调过程,对食欲的刺激和肝葡萄糖的释放。两者一起保证了获取食物的驱动力,保持觅食时大脑的营养和警觉。

白脂素(Asprosin)是最近发现的一个促进肝葡萄糖产生的禁食诱导的激素。来自贝勒医学院的研究人员发现,在循环中的Asprosin能够穿越血脑屏障,并通过依赖cAMP的途径直接激活开胃的AgRP +神经元。这种信号传导以GABA依赖的方式,抑制下游的导致食欲不振的阿片-促黑素细胞皮质素原(POMC)阳性神经元,从而导致食欲刺激,驱动脂肪和体重的积累。

在人体中,天冬酰胺酶的遗传缺陷会引起以食欲不振和极度瘦弱为特征的综合征。携带相似突变的小鼠可以被白脂素完全治愈。此外,研究人员发现,肥胖的人类和小鼠具有病理性升高的循环白脂素浓度。如果利用单克隆抗体中和血液中的白脂素,可以减少肥胖小鼠的食欲和体重,还能够改善其血糖谱。

因此,除了执行葡萄糖生成功能之外,白脂素是中枢作用的食欲激素,其是治疗肥胖症和糖尿病的潜在治疗靶标。

【5】ADAM10介导的ephrin-B2脱落过程加速肌纤维母细胞激活和器官纤维化


慢性组织损伤伤口自适应愈合可导致器官纤维化。细胞外基质(ECM)过度沉积以及肌成纤维细胞组织重塑活化导致的纤维化会引起组织结构和器官功能异常。近日来自哈佛医学院的研究员发现可溶性肝配蛋白-B2 (sEphrin-B2)是肺以及皮肤纤维化过程中重要的前纤维介质。

研究发现,膜结合Ehrin-b2的胞外域在肺损伤后脱落进入肺泡导致肺损伤。脱落的sEphrin-B2通过EphB3或 EphB4 r信号通路促进成纤维细胞趋化和活化。ephrin-B2缺陷小鼠对皮肤以及肺纤维化过程免疫。去整合素与金属蛋白酶10 (ADAM10)是ephrin-B2纤维化过程中的关键脱落酶。ADAM10表达增加转化生长因子β1的转录,而ADAM10介导的sEphrin-B2脱落过程需要转化生长因子β1介导的肌成纤维细胞活化。ADAM10抑制剂可降低支气管肺泡灌洗后sEphrin-B2水平,抑制小鼠肺纤维化过程。特发性肺纤维化患者体内ADAM10-sEphrin-B2信号上调。研究认为sEphrin-B2、EphB3、EphB4 以及ADAM10均为潜在的纤维化治疗靶点。

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    2018-05-11 jeanqiuqiu
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    2018-01-15 kalseyzl
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    2018-04-14 liye789132251
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    2017-12-23 虈亣靌

    如此说来还是一个好事情

    0

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