Science:美发现极端长寿蛋白 为细胞衰老提供新视角

2012-02-11 MedSci MedSci原创

极端长寿蛋白(ELLPs)显微镜照片,亮绿色为大鼠脑细胞内核的外部,蓝色为核内的DNA。(图:索尔克生物研究院) 细胞衰老是生物学上一个难解的谜,近日,索尔克研究院的科学家首次发现在组分中含有长寿蛋白的胞内关键机器。他们的研究显示这类蛋白在整个生命周期中从未被置换过。并报告称他们发现脑细胞成分的一种缺陷,也许可以解释大脑中发生衰老过程的方式。这项发现发表在2月3日的《科学》(Science)期刊

极端长寿蛋白(ELLPs)显微镜照片,亮绿色为大鼠脑细胞内核的外部,蓝色为核内的DNA。(图:索尔克生物研究院)

细胞衰老是生物学上一个难解的谜,近日,索尔克研究院的科学家首次发现在组分中含有长寿蛋白的胞内关键机器。他们的研究显示这类蛋白在整个生命周期中从未被置换过。并报告称他们发现脑细胞成分的一种缺陷,也许可以解释大脑中发生衰老过程的方式。这项发现发表在2月3日的《科学》(Science)期刊上。

科学家在在神经元内核表面发现了一些特定蛋白,被称为长寿蛋白(ELLPs),它们具有十分长的生命周期。大多数蛋白质的寿命只有2天或更少,然而研究人员发现,大鼠脑中ELLPs具有和生物体一样长的寿命。ELLPs 在神经元内核表面形成转运通道以及组成选择性调控物质进出的入口。如果没有损耗,长寿确实是这种蛋白的优势。与机体内的其它蛋白不同,即便发生异常的化学修饰和其它损伤,ELLPs也不会被置换。

索尔克研究院分子细胞生物学实验室的教授Martin Hetzer领导了这项研究,他说:“对ELLPs的破坏会降低转运通道防御毒素进入胞内核的能力。这些毒素能改变细胞DNA和基因活性,最终引起细胞衰老。”

Hetzer的研究团队是世界上唯一的研究衰老过程中转运通道(称为核孔复合物,NPC)功能的实验室,受到埃里森医学基金会和格伦基金会的医学研究资助。

先前的研究已经揭示,基因表达的改变会引发衰老过程,然而科学界一直缺少有关这类基因发生变化的方式的有力证据,Hetzer实验室的发现可谓是一次转机:哺乳动物的NPCs有一个致命的弱点,使得破坏DNA结构的毒素可进入核中。

Hetzer称:“衰老的根本特征是心脏、大脑等器官功能的总体衰退,这种衰退源自于这些器官中细胞的内稳态的退化。最近一些实验室研究发现,蛋白质稳态的破坏与细胞功能的衰老存在关联。”

Hetzer和其他研究小组成员发文称:“神经元功能的衰退或归因于长期损伤而退化的ELLPs分子。”

Hetzer称:“通过蛋白质更新,大多数细胞(神经元除外)恢复因结构破坏而衰退的功能,一些损坏的蛋白质被新蛋白质拷贝置换掉。”

他还补充道:“我们的研究表明了核孔功能的衰退或是一种通用的衰老机制,它能引起与年龄相关的核功能缺失,例如丢失年轻基因的表达程序。”

Extremely Long-Lived Nuclear Pore Proteins in the Rat Brain

Jeffrey N. Savas, Brandon H. Toyama, Tao Xu, John R. Yates, Martin W. Hetzer

To combat the functional decline of the proteome, cells use the process of protein turnover to replace potentially impaired polypeptides with new functional copies. Here, we found that extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs) did not turn over in post-mitotic cells of the rat central nervous system. These ELLPs were associated with chromatin and the nuclear pore complex, the central transport channels that mediate all molecular trafficking in and out of the nucleus. The longevity of these proteins would be expected to expose them to potentially harmful metabolites, putting them at risk of accumulating damage over extended periods of time. Thus, it is possible that failure to maintain proper levels and functional integrity of ELLPs in nonproliferative cells might contribute to age-related deterioration in cell and tissue function.

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    2012-02-13 brento

    真正实用还很难!

    0

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    2012-02-13 jichang