华法林抗凝,INR异常如何处理?

2017-11-11 佚名 寇威药师

华法林是一种口服抗凝药,具有作用时间长、服用方便、副作用相对小、价格低廉等优点,被广泛应用于静脉血栓栓塞性疾病(VTE)、房颤血栓栓塞、瓣膜病、人工瓣膜置换术和心腔内血栓形成等的预防治疗中。

华法林是一种口服抗凝药,具有作用时间长、服用方便、副作用相对小、价格低廉等优点,被广泛应用于静脉血栓栓塞性疾病(VTE)、房颤血栓栓塞、瓣膜病、人工瓣膜置换术和心腔内血栓形成等的预防治疗中。

据估计,目前全球有数百万患者在使用华法林。口服华法林必须根据国际化比值(INR)调整华法林的剂量,以达到合适的抗凝水平。值得指出的是,华法林的抗凝作用会受到多种因素的影响,如遗传、药物、食物、环境、身体状况、其他疾病等。因此,当出现INR异常时,我们应应全方位地寻找INR异常的原因,而非盲目地增减用药剂量。

1. INR值的范围

《华法林抗凝治疗的中国专家共识》中指出,华法林最佳的抗凝强度为INR 2.0-3.0,此时出血和血栓栓塞的危险均最低。

基于我国当前抗凝研究的最新结果,同时参考目前国际上的相关标准,我们对心脏外科患者的华法林抗凝治疗建议如下:

① 机械瓣置换患者:

如果为单纯主动脉瓣置换,INR应该保持在1.8-2.2;如果是单纯二尖瓣或主动脉瓣加二尖瓣同期置换,INR应该保持在2.0-2.5;如果是三尖瓣机械瓣置换,INR应该保持在2.0-2.5。

② 生物瓣置换或使用瓣膜成形环的患者:

对于使用生物瓣,或者在二尖瓣、三尖瓣位植入瓣膜成形环,手术后半年内需进行华法林抗凝治疗,INR应该保持在1.5-2.0。使用生物瓣但合并房颤的患者,则建议长期抗凝治疗,其INR应该保持在1.8-2.5。

2. 初始剂量

与西方人比较,亚洲人华法林肝脏代谢酶存在较大差异,中国人的平均华法林剂量低于西方人。中国人房颤的抗栓研究中华法林的维持剂量大约为3 mg。为了减少过度抗凝的情况,通常不建议给予负荷剂量。

建议中国人的初始剂量为1~3 mg(国内华法林主要的剂型为2.5 mg和3 mg),可在2~4周达到目标范围。某些患者如老年、肝功能受损、充血性心力衰竭和出血高风险患者,初始剂量可适当降低。

如果需要快速抗凝,如VTE急性期治疗,给予普通肝素或低分子肝素与华法林重叠应用5 d以上,即在给予肝素的第1天或第2天即给予华法林,并调整剂量,当INR达到目标范围并持续2 d以上时,停用普通肝素或低分子肝素。

3. 剂量调整

治疗过程中剂量调整应谨慎,频繁调整剂量会使INR波动。

如果INR连续测得结果位于目标范围之外再开始调整剂量,一次升高或降低可以不急于改变剂量而应寻找原因(如饮食、疾病、药物相互作用等方面)。

华法林剂量调整幅度较小时,可以采用计算每周剂量,比调整每日剂量更为精确。

INR如超过目标范围,可升高或降低原剂量的5%-20%,调整剂量后注意加强监测。

如INR一直稳定,偶尔波动且幅度不超过INR目标范围上下0.5,可不必调整剂量,酌情复查INR(可数天或1~2周)。

4. 抗凝不足处理

INR<目标值下限,增加1/4片,3d内复查。

5. 抗凝过量处理

① 目标值上限

② 3.0

③ 5.0

④ INR>9.0,无出血---停药,口服维生素K 3-5mg,次日复查;有出血---停药,静脉推注维生素K 5mg,同时静滴新鲜冰冻血浆,次日复查。

6.凝血功能监测频率

治疗监测的频率应该根据患者的出血风险和医疗条件。

① 住院患者口服华法林2-3d后开始每日或隔日监测INR值,并将每日的华法林服用剂量和每次INR的结果对应地记录在抗凝记录单上,直到INR值达到治疗目标并维持至少2d。

此后,根据INR值结果的稳定性数天至一周监测一次。一般需每周化验一次,如果经过一个月,化验值稳定,华法林剂量也不需太大变化,就可以每两个星期化验一次。

如果延长化验间隔时间后,INR值和华法林剂量仍然稳定,就可以每月化验一次。如连续2-3次化验的INR值都稳定,可改为每3个月一次。对于监测中出现异常结果者,应立即复查,以排除检查误差。

② 门诊患者剂量稳定前应数天至每周监测一次,当INR值稳定后,可以每4周监测一次。

③ 老年患者华法林清除减少,合并其他疾病或合并用药较多,应加强监测。

原始出处:

1.中华医学会心血管病学分会.华法林抗凝治疗的中国专家共识.中华内科杂志,2013.52(1):76-82.

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    2020-01-06 2395968465

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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzR8ylhYfiaoAUx2BsaYHVia1IKhG3Cg8CT84rBrn6iaVRkyAibJxBcLEXabOQ5p19vWgDe34ib5ErxNgx/0, createdBy=8a701629084, createdName=jihuaijun1112, createdTime=Sun Nov 12 00:10:32 CST 2017, time=2017-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=260501, encodeId=b18e26050133, content=学习了.谢谢., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Sat Nov 11 10:41:11 CST 2017, time=2017-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=260444, encodeId=092d26044475, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Sat Nov 11 08:03:09 CST 2017, time=2017-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-23 jennyli5986

    好文章.学习了

    0

  4. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Sat Nov 11 08:03:09 CST 2017, time=2017-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-15 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

  5. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Sat Nov 11 08:03:09 CST 2017, time=2017-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-14 lou.minghong

    学习了谢谢分享!

    0

  6. 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  7. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Sat Nov 11 08:03:09 CST 2017, time=2017-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-12 jyzxjiangqin

    华法林抗凝相关问题.

    0

  8. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Sat Nov 11 08:03:09 CST 2017, time=2017-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-12 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

  9. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Sat Nov 11 08:03:09 CST 2017, time=2017-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-11 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢.

    0

  10. 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    2017-11-11 榄枷檬

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