Crit Care Med:危重患者低钠性脑病的治疗

2017-07-20 MedSci MedSci原创

低钠性脑病是由于血浆渗透压过低造成的症状性脑水肿,是一种ICU常见的急症。本文对低钠性脑病高危患者的诊断及治疗有关的文献做出了批判性评价和回顾研究。

低钠性脑病是由于血浆渗透压过低造成的症状性脑水肿,是一种ICU常见的急症。本文对低钠性脑病高危患者的诊断及治疗有关的文献做出了批判性评价和回顾研究。

本研究所涉及的危重患者低钠性脑病的危险因素和治疗有关的在线资料来自于PubMed数据库,人工的对这些数据进行回顾性分析。

低钠性脑病是ICU经常遇见的棘手问题之一,低钠性脑病的早期诊断和及时有效的高渗盐水治疗是预后好坏的关键。然而治疗剂量与方法却表现为多样化,总的来说取决于中枢神经系统对低钠适应性的表现。血清钠水平的变化并不能精确的预示临床症状,然而,患者的某些特定危险因素对不良预后的预测相对有效,并且对疾病的早期诊断有重要意义。与低钠血症或血清钠绝对值明显下降相比,性别(绝经前和绝经后的女性)、年龄(青春期前的孩子)和缺氧是预测预后的三个主要临床危险因素。

对有神经系统症状的低钠血症患者来说,10分钟内应立即静脉给予3%的生理盐水100ml,其目的是迅速的缓解脑水肿。如神经系统体征持续存在,应重复给药,以达到临床症状缓解。然而在开始治疗的1-2小时以内,血清钠总量变化不应该超过5mmol/L,在第一个48小时不应该超过15-20mmol/L。最新研究表明,3%的生理盐水500ml,以每小时100ml的速度静滴是安全的。更重要的是及时识别脑水肿的早期症状(恶心、呕吐和头痛),及时给予3%氯化钠注射液进行干预,千万不可等到更严重的并发症出现再进行干预。脑细胞脱髓鞘病变是血钠纠正过快的一种罕见表现,第一个48小时血钠变化超过25mmol/L、血钠高于140mmol/L、慢性肝病、缺氧都是脑细胞脱髓鞘发展的重要危险因素。

原始出处:

Achinger SG1, Ayus JC, et al. Treatment of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy in the Critically Ill. Crit Care Med. 2017 Jul 11. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002595.

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    2018-03-23 showtest
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    2017-07-20 天涯183

    非常好的文章,学习了,很受益

    0

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