小孩发烧后全身出血点,原来是过敏性紫癜

2017-06-19 胡令彦/上海中医药大学附属岳阳中西医结合医院血液科 澎湃新闻

小李的儿子今年刚满6岁,前不久感冒刚刚治好,正当她想长舒一口气的时候,突然一夜之间,她儿子全身满是出血点……带着惊恐,小李带儿子来到了血液科诊室。经过详细检查,医生诊断为“过敏性紫癜”。对此,小李非常困惑:过敏性紫癜是什么病?她儿子怎么会得这个病呢?发病原因是什么过敏性紫癜是一种侵犯皮肤和其他器官细小动脉和毛细血管的过敏性血管炎。皮肤表现为针头至黄豆大小的瘀点、瘀斑或荨麻疹样皮疹,严重者可发生水疱

小李的儿子今年刚满6岁,前不久感冒刚刚治好,正当她想长舒一口气的时候,突然一夜之间,她儿子全身满是出血点……带着惊恐,小李带儿子来到了血液科诊室。经过详细检查,医生诊断为“过敏性紫癜”。对此,小李非常困惑:过敏性紫癜是什么病?她儿子怎么会得这个病呢?

发病原因是什么

过敏性紫癜是一种侵犯皮肤和其他器官细小动脉和毛细血管的过敏性血管炎。皮肤表现为针头至黄豆大小的瘀点、瘀斑或荨麻疹样皮疹,严重者可发生水疱、血疱,甚至溃疡。好发于四肢伸侧,尤其是双下肢和臀部。皮损对称分布,成批出现,容易复发。

此病虽然以皮肤出血点为主要表现,但也可以侵犯到消化道、关节、肾脏,出现腹痛、关节疼痛、血尿等临床表现。仅有皮肤损害者称为“单纯性紫癜”;伴有腹痛、腹泻、便血,甚至胃肠道出血者称为“胃肠型紫癜”;伴有关节肿胀、疼痛,甚至关节腔积液者称为“关节型紫癜”;伴有血尿、蛋白尿等肾损害者称为“肾型紫癜”。

过敏性紫癜任何年龄都可发病,但以儿童和年轻人居多。此病的发生与链球菌感染、病毒感染、药物、食物、蚊虫叮咬等关系密切。发生机制是由于抗原与抗体结合,形成免疫复合物沉积在血管壁,导致毛细血管、小血管壁及其周围产生炎症,使血管壁通透性增高,从而产生相应部位的出血症状。

中医如何治疗

治疗过敏性紫癜时,首先是要积极寻找可能的致病原因,避免再次接触可能的诱发因素,如花粉、某些食物、药物、感染、劳累等。

单纯型紫癜可以使用复方芦丁片、维生素C、钙剂、安络血或止血敏等药物,皮肤损害严重或者关节型、腹型、肾型紫癜需要使用糖皮质激素。部分顽固性紫癜肾炎患者,甚至可能需要使用环磷酰胺或硫唑嘌呤。血浆置换能有效清除血循环中的免疫复合物,从而防止血管阻塞和梗死,适用于血浆中存在大量免疫复合物的腹型、肾型紫癜患者。

中医药治疗此病疗效良好。根据患者的发病原因、年龄、体质、病程、症状特征及舌苔脉象,中医将本病分为热伤血络型、瘀血阻络型、脾不统血型、脾肾阳虚型。分别以银翘散合犀角地黄汤、血府逐瘀汤、归脾汤、脾肾双补丸等进行治疗,并根据症状进退、体质变化及合并症进行药物调整。

通过精细的辨证,可以使相当一部分患者的病情得到有效控制。过敏性紫癜与湿邪关系密切,无论疾病处于发作期还是缓解期,都可以使用薏苡仁,或者入药煎服,或者熬粥食用。

过敏性紫癜的发生既与诱因有关,更与易感体质有关。因此,即使病情长期得到有效控制时,也必须注意饮食起居,防止感冒,避免随意使用药物和保健品,否则容易导致复发。

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    2017-06-21 ssnine
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