低钠血症时,大脑发生了什么?

2018-09-25 蛋壳 医学界神经病学频道

低钠血症的定义是血清钠浓度低于135 mmol/l,是一种是临床实践中最常见的体液和电解质平衡紊乱。有报道称,其在住院病人的发生率甚至高达30%。低钠血症可以造成由轻到重不同程度的,甚至危及生命的表现。当中最严重的情况是低钠血症引起的脑水肿和颅内压增高,继而患者可以出现恶心呕吐、头痛、癫痫发作及意识水平的改变[1]。

低钠血症的定义是血清钠浓度低于135 mmol/l,是一种是临床实践中最常见的体液和电解质平衡紊乱。有报道称,其在住院病人的发生率甚至高达30%。低钠血症可以造成由轻到重不同程度的,甚至危及生命的表现。当中最严重的情况是低钠血症引起的脑水肿和颅内压增高,继而患者可以出现恶心呕吐、头痛、癫痫发作及意识水平的改变[1]。

值班时来了一位低钠血症老先生

当天夜间,患者突然出现意识模糊,激动不安,每隔半分钟左右突发大喊大叫,对于部分神经系统查体合作(伸舌、上肢肌力检查),但不能和外界正常交流,对医生的提问没有应答。后证实当时患者有幻觉。

患者近一周来禁食状态,6天前查的血清钠仅有117mmol/l,其后一周虽予以补钠治疗,但是血钠始终无法上升至正常。当天患者的血钠仅有121mmol/l。

据此,上级首先考虑是低钠血症引起的脑水肿,遂予以补钠治疗。但是补充钠盐速度不可过快,否则可引起中枢神经脱髓鞘现象。

那么,低钠血症到底是如何对脑产生影响的呢?为何过快的补钠治疗会引起脱髓鞘现象?我想或许下面这几篇文献能够对此给出一些回答。

第一篇是2014年发表在欧洲内分泌学杂志上的低钠血症诊治指南



第二篇是2000年发表在新英格兰医学上的题为《Hyponatremia》的综述。



第三篇是2014年发表在临床医学杂志的《Effects of Hyponatremia on the Brain》。



在此我只打算挑选其中有意思的几张图,看图说话,对于低钠血症引起的脑水肿过程稍作总结。

首先,在阐述低钠血症对脑细胞的影响前,先来用一张图聊聊细胞内外液的平衡关系。第一张图题为:Extracellular-Fluid and Intracellular-Fluid Compartments under Normal Conditions and during States of Hyponatremia[2].



高钠血症总是伴随着高渗状态,而不同于高钠血症,低钠血症的分类相对复杂,这张图中列举了几种具体的情况,十分生动形象。左侧代表细胞外液,右侧代表细胞內液,空心圆圈表示钠,实心圆代表钾,大方块代表不可渗透溶质,而小方块代表可渗透溶质,阴影代表血液量。根据具体的疾病来举例,会比较容易理解:



好,那么接下来,具体到脑又有什么样的情况呢?文中用一张很经典的示意图,简要地概括低钠血症对脑的影响和脑的适应。


■ 第一个过程:发生低钠血症时的即刻效应。低钠血症发生时,水顺着渗透梯度从细胞外移动到细胞内。具体到脑组织中,即是脑细胞水肿,而其中首当其冲的脑细胞指的是星形胶质细胞,而具体机制涉及到了水通道蛋白1和4(AQP1 and AQP4)。值得注意的是,这一过程中,脑内选择性水肿(星形胶质细胞水肿),起到了调节了脑内环境的作用,由此神经元细胞幸免于难,进而保护了神经元细胞[3]。


发生水肿之后,脑开始发生适应性机制,来抵抗水肿的损伤。接下来,第二个阶段叫调节性体积减小(volume regulatory decrease,VRD)。



由于颅骨的物理限制,脑水肿将通过一系列机制抵消脑水肿的效应。这时候脑细胞会排出胞内的无机离子,例如:Na+,K+和Cl-,来减轻水肿,缩小细胞体积。这个过程发生在前3个小时内,是一种快速机制。机制简单来说就是那Na+ - K+ - ATP 泵等结构。这种机制对于脑容量的调节作用,占到了65%。

■ 第三个阶段:如果低钠血症仍旧没有纠正,那么接下来被脑细胞赶出去的就是有机溶质了,比如谷氨酸盐,而因其神经活性,谷氨酸盐的紊乱可以引起神经系统功能异常,降低兴奋性递质的释放,继而出现各种神经系统症状。相对于第二个阶段,这一过程就较为缓慢了,被认为是慢性低钠血症的适应机制,它占35%的贡献。



下一个阶段与治疗相关。恰当的治疗可以缓解脑水肿,恢复脑功能,然而过快的补钠,会造成所谓的渗透性脱髓鞘综合征(ODS)。补充了血钠之后,细胞外液的渗透压升高,形成水从胞内转入胞外的渗透梯度。相应的,为了减少细胞的液体流失,脑细胞会重新摄取之前被赶出去的有机溶质。然而,这个过程是缓慢的,可能需要数天时间。



假使这一过程失衡,可能会造成脑组织脱水和白质脱髓鞘,特别是在脑桥。而这一过程中,主要受到影响的还是星形胶质细胞。因此,过度快速纠正低钠血症可能使患者发生严重的损伤,在治疗时应当尤为重视。



文中部分图片来源: hyponatremiaupdates.com

原始出处:

[1] Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia[J]. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014, 170(3): G1-G47.
[3] Giuliani C, Peri A. Effects of Hyponatremia on the Brain[J]. J Clin Med. 2014, 3(4): 1163-1177.

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    2018-11-26 jyzxjiangqin

    低钠血症时大脑发性了什么?

    0

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    2018-10-04 jyzxjiangqin

    低钠血症的治疗。

    0

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    2018-10-03 huangzh898

    反复看了、学习了!

    0

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    2018-09-27 zz12341238
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    2018-09-26 DDDAN

    有意思

    0

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    2018-09-25 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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