Eurosurveillance:男男性行为会传播甲肝?

2018-02-08 徐娅娟、谭振敏 SIFIC感染官微

2016年下半年至2017年上半年,在欧洲数个国家间出现了一波甲肝疫情。2016年7月至2017年2月期间荷兰通报了48例男性肝炎病例;2016年7月至2017年1月期间英国报告了37例;2016年11月中旬至2017年1月底柏林方面报告了30例。

2016年下半年至2017年上半年,在欧洲数个国家间出现了一波甲肝疫情。2016年7月至2017年2月期间荷兰通报了48例男性肝炎病例;2016年7月至2017年1月期间英国报告了37例;2016年11月中旬至2017年1月底柏林方面报告了30例。这波国际性的疫情会不会愈演愈烈?而疫情背后又有着怎样的联系?这里我们主要对荷兰目前情况进行描述,包括这次国际甲肝疫情的潜在联系。

男男性接触引起的甲肝暴发主要与2016年7月至2017年2月荷兰的欧洲骄傲节有关

1.病例定义

病例所需条件:(i)符合甲肝的监测定义;(ii)自我鉴定存在男男性行为(MSM)或MSM接触,即在症状发作前两个月与其他男性发生性行为;(iii)2016年7月3日后出现症状;(iv)荷兰居民。

监测病例定义:(i)非特异性症状(如乏力,腹痛,纳差,间断恶心和呕吐);(ii)发热或黄疸;(iii)实验室确诊或存在与实验室确诊病例的流行病学联系,如血清中甲肝特异性IgM抗体阳性或通过PCR检测到血清或粪便中的HAV。

2.疫情描述

因两名三四十岁的男性病例于2016年9月中旬发生甲肝,9月19日(第38周)开始疫情调查后发现这两例甲肝患者在欧洲骄傲节有过MSM。 欧洲骄傲节是庆祝男女同性恋、双性恋和跨性别人士平等权利的国际盛会,于7月29日至8月6日在阿姆斯特丹举行。测序结果显示来自两个病例的毒株相同(RIVM-HAV16-090)。考虑到骄傲节的国际性,遂在预警和反应系统(EWRS),ECDC的食源性和水源性疾病流行情报系统(EPIS-FWD)上发出了警报,以通知其他欧洲国家。

从2016年7月(第27周)到2017年2月7日,荷兰共报告了48例男性甲肝病例,其中17例确定存在MSM。相比之下,2013年、2014年和2015年分别报告的男性甲肝56例、58例和45例中,没有一例存在MSM。

17例患者的平均年龄为33岁(范围:26-52岁),没有一例接种过甲肝疫苗,1/3住院治疗(表1)。17例患者中的13例可获得测序信息,显示存在3种甲肝病毒株的共同传播(表1,图2)。

3.分型分析

通过甲肝实验室网络HAVNET获取的共享协议对HAV IgM阳性血清样品VP1 / P2A区域中一个由460个核苷酸组成的PCR片段进行序列分析。

有分型信息的13例中,10例感染了RIVM-HAV16-090。不论序列类型,大多数病例(n = 11)聚集出现在阿姆斯特丹的公共卫生服务机构(表1,图3)。经调查,此次暴发相关的RIVM-HAV16-090与2016年5月报道的275例台湾MSM人群甲肝暴发疫情的毒株相同(图2)。在报告的10例中有8例可能是在荷兰感染,另外2例可能是在西班牙的巴塞罗那感染(图1)。

有2例病例感染的VRD_521_2016毒株于2016年12月在英国首次获得报道,其有可能由西班牙多次输入。荷兰报道的其中1例病例曾前往西班牙(第45周发病),另一病例可能在荷兰感染(第52周发病,图1)。

据报道1例感染RIVM-HAV16-069株的病例曾前往阿根廷,在骄傲节(27周)前不久发病;英国也报道了MSM病例的相同序列。

4.讨论

在荷兰目前的疫情中,大多数可获得序列信息的病例都感染了RIVM-HAV16-090株。该毒株仅在2010年被检测到一次,直到2016年,荷兰才在两名参加了欧洲骄傲节的MSM甲肝患者中发现该毒株,而且该毒株与造成台湾MSM持续暴发的毒株相同。截至2016年9月29日,台湾共报告MSM感染甲肝病例845例,其中56%为艾滋病毒阳性或患其他性病患者。

在荷兰,对家庭成员和其他密切接触者进行疫苗接种是控制甲肝蔓延的基础。对于男男性接触者来说,接种甲肝疫苗可以降低控制甲肝的成本,并且可以与免费的乙肝疫苗联合接种。但因性接触史未公开,这给MSM人群的跟踪和接种带来挑战。鉴于甲肝在MSM群体中的高暴发潜力以及这个风险群体间因全球旅行而存在极高的相互关联性,应该着重提高男男性接触者及性病诊疗机构和公共卫生服务的卫生专业人员对甲肝的知晓度。





图1. 甲肝病例的MSM状态和发病时间周的流行曲线,2016年7月 - 2017年2月,荷兰(n = 19)

EPIS:流行情报信息系统; EWRS:预警和响应系统; MSM:男男性接触者; NL:荷兰; UK:英国



图2. 来自荷兰的自我鉴定存在MSM的甲肝患者病毒株的系统发育分析,荷兰,2000-2017

甲肝病毒VP1 / P2A区445nt序列的邻接进化树:该进化树由PHYLIP(DNADIST)软件构建。 毒株由样品编号和簇确定。 Event1(事件1)和Event2(事件2)是由欧洲疾病预防与控制中心(ECDC)公布的快速风险评估中使用的术语。 事件1是指在英国和西班牙发现的毒株。 事件2分别指荷兰检测到的RIVM-HAV16-090和2016年在台湾流行的菌株。 有一个无症状的病例的序列与在德国引起聚集的毒株(Ber / Muc / Fra)相同。 为了比较,我们还分别在2000年,2001年和2008年分别检测了男男性接触者中检测到的甲肝病毒毒株。


图3. 根据现有的序列信息,自我鉴定存在男男性接触行为的甲肝病例的地理分布,荷兰,2016年7月 - 2017年2月(n = 19)

MSM:男男性行为;PHSR:公共卫生服务机构

原始出处:Freidl G S, Sonder G J, Lian P B, et al. Hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) predominantly linked with the EuroPride, the Netherlands, July 2016 to February 2017[J]. Eurosurveillance, 2017, 22(8).

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    2018-02-23 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-02-11 世纪的寒流

    厉害了

    0

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    2018-02-10 xugc
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    2018-02-10 lsndxfj
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    2018-02-10 yige2007
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    2018-02-08 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.涨知识

    0

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