高龄ACS患者诊治,应该注意哪些问题?

2017-01-16 中华老年医学杂志 中华老年医学杂志

急性冠脉综合征(ACS)是一组以急性心肌缺血为共同特征的临床综合征,包括不稳定性心绞痛(UA)、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)和ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)。高龄ACS患者因其病变特点,病死率高于其他年龄组,一方面由于高龄患者ACS早期及时诊断比较困难;另一方面未给予理想的、及时的治疗,降低了治疗获益。一、诊断特点1.临床症状:高龄患者出现典型心绞痛症状的比例低于其他年龄患者。由于患

急性冠脉综合征(ACS)是一组以急性心肌缺血为共同特征的临床综合征,包括不稳定性心绞痛(UA)、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)和ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)。高龄ACS患者因其病变特点,病死率高于其他年龄组,一方面由于高龄患者ACS早期及时诊断比较困难;另一方面未给予理想的、及时的治疗,降低了治疗获益。


一、诊断特点


1.临床症状:高龄患者出现典型心绞痛症状的比例低于其他年龄患者。由于患者本身的疼痛阈值变化、合并糖尿病等影响内脏感觉神经、骨关节肌肉合并症而服用非甾体类抗炎药物的原因,其他消化系统、呼吸系统、神经系统的慢性疾病的干扰,使多数高龄患者不能明确是否发生心绞痛,甚至呈现无症状的ACS。


2.心电图:高龄患者多数在发病时心电图变化与其他年龄组表现类似,但部分患者合并有器质性或非器质性的室内传导阻滞而掩盖了ST-T段的变化。此外,由于高龄患者膳食状况较差,或受到医源性治疗的影响(利尿剂、钙剂等),合并慢性代谢性疾病等情况,电解质紊乱尤其是血钾和血钙水平异常,常导致心电图ST-T段异常表现,需要注意鉴别。


3.心肌标记物:肌钙蛋白I或肌钙蛋白T在ACS的诊断中具有决定性的作用,是区分UA和AMI的关键证据,但仅提示心肌损伤。临床上常见的非ACS引起心肌损伤原因分为心源性和非心源性。心源性常见于快速性心律失常(房扑、房颤、阵发性室上速等)、慢性心衰和部分特异或非特异性心肌病;非心源性多见于脱水、休克、重症感染、严重肾功能不全等情况。


4.其他:体格检查在可疑ACS患者中可能无特异性发现。有条件的医疗单位应进行床旁超声心动图检查有利于诊断和鉴别诊断。


二、再灌注治疗


1.溶栓治疗:≥80岁的患者不建议溶栓治疗。高龄患者隐匿性出血风险较多,尤其是致命性出血风险高于其他年龄组。


2.血运重建:PCI和CABG。若无禁忌证,高龄STEMI患者直接PCI是目前最有效的治疗手段。在不具备早期PCI条件或PCI明显延迟的情况下,建议及时转运至可以行早期PCI的医疗机构。《2015年中国急性STEMI诊断和治疗指南》中建议对于STEMI合并心源性休克患者(即使发病超过12h)直接PCI治疗,对于未接受早期再灌注治疗(发病超过24h)、病变适宜PCI且有心源性休克或血流动力学不稳定的患者行PCI治疗。如果病变不适宜PCI,建议有条件的医疗单位考虑急诊CABG治疗。主动脉球囊反搏支持下早期完成PCI或CABG治疗可改善患者的预后。


三、药物治疗


1.他汀类药物:高龄患者需要格外注意肝肾功能、低体重和甲状腺功能异常等易于产生不良反应的因素。目前,不建议起始大剂量强化他汀治疗,而应从常规或较低剂量开始,并缓慢滴注至适宜的靶目标剂量。


2.抗血小板药物:高龄ACS患者,急诊PCI术前至少顿服氯吡格雷300mg和阿司匹林100-300mg,在这样的治疗下出现胃肠道或泌尿系统出血远多于其他年龄组患者。加用质子泵抑制剂对于胃肠道大出血有一定的预防作用。替格瑞洛由于尚未充分验证于高龄患者,不推荐作为常规抗血小板药物应用。高龄ACS患者PCI围术期可根据患者的血栓负荷、出血风险酌情选用GP IIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂。高龄ACS患者是否应维持1年的双联抗血小板治疗尚存在争议,应根据临床出血风险酌情考虑,并规划个体化的随访和给药方案。


3.抗凝药物:低分子肝素在无禁忌证的情况下,可以应用于任何类型的ACS患者中,包括≥80岁的高龄患者。但应充分评估年龄、体重、肾功能及病变特点等因素,推荐降低至常规剂量的1/2,使用时间3-5d。


4.β受体阻滞剂:(1)高龄患者对于药物敏感性增强,需从极小剂量起始,并应用短效药物以防止不良反应的发生;(2)发生低血压、低心排状态及心源性休克风险增加;(3)严重的缓慢性心律失常;(4)合并支气管哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺病的患者,应当反复评估患者的临床状态,在症状缓解期应用β受体阻滞剂。建议以心率55次/分为靶目标指导治疗。


摘编整理自:高龄老年冠心病诊治中国专家共识.中华老年医学杂志.2016年7月第35卷第7期.

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    2017-11-07 topnew

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    2017-01-18 yaanren
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    2017-01-18 xlysu
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    2017-01-18 往日如昨

    受益匪浅

    0

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    2017-01-17 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章太好了,受益

    0

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