Science报道:狂犬病毒或成精准治疗脑癌的“神器”

2017-02-14 佚名 生物探索

近日,韩国科学家利用狂犬病毒的嗜神经性将其作为纳米颗粒药物的载体,使其可以直接治疗肿瘤而不损害健康细胞,或成精准治疗脑癌的“神器”。目前,该项研究已经通过小鼠试验并发表在Advanced Materials。


狂犬病毒,引起狂犬病的“罪魁祸首”

众所周知,狂犬病毒(Rabies virus, RV)是引起狂犬病(一种人畜共患的传染病)的病原体。目前医学上对于狂犬病尚缺乏有效的治疗手段,人患狂犬病后的病死率几近100%,患者一般于3~6日内死于呼吸或循环衰竭,故应加强预防措施。

据悉,每年因感染狂犬病致死人数成千上万,人们常常听闻“狂犬病毒”而色变。

狂犬病毒的特异功能:嗜神经性

正是如此无情的杀手,却具有一个重要的能力——嗜神经性(进入神经细胞的能力),可以用来感染脑组织的导管。

于是乎,科学家巧妙利用狂犬病毒的嗜神经性能力,把它改造为治疗脑癌纳米药物的载体。

如前文所述,狂犬病毒主要是通过感染动物的咬伤传播的,经过数千年的进化,它具有侵入神经细胞并从感染的肌肉组织进入大脑的能力。这种方式使它绕过了一个主要的障碍——血脑屏障(一种能阻止大部分病原体穿过血液的选择性膜)。

遗憾的是,血脑屏障也阻止了癌症药物进入感染细胞的过程,限制了患者的选择。为解决这个问题,科学家采用狂犬病毒表面蛋白包裹纳米药物并输送至脑内。

以毒携药!精准治疗脑癌的“神器”


韩国成均馆大学(Sungkyunkwan University)学者最近采取了类似载体携带但更巧妙的方法,纳米专家Yu Seok Youn将黄金颗粒(gold particles)嵌入纳米棒,并在其周围包裹狂犬病毒表面蛋白。棒状(rodlike)纳米颗粒比球形表面积大,能结合更多蛋白,增加表面蛋白和神经细胞受体的结合能力,从而更有效进入神经细胞内。这种纳米颗粒并不携带任何其他药物,黄金颗粒本身很容易吸收激光产生热量,利用高温来杀死周围组织。

为了观察新型的颗粒能否有效地杀死肿瘤细胞。Youn和同事向4只患脑瘤的小鼠体内注射这种颗粒,发现它可以快速进入大脑并富集在肿瘤附近;然后他们采用红外线激光( infrared laser)对这些纳米颗粒进行照射,加热到50°C左右,激光可以无害地轻松穿过皮肤和颅骨,只对纳米颗粒周围组织产生热效应。经观察,这种方式治疗使肿瘤体积明显缩小。近日Youn等在 Advanced Materials 报道了该研究。

在另一个实验中,研究人员使用相同的方式治疗小鼠肿瘤细胞,向他们的侧翼(侧面)注射颗粒。7天后,两只小鼠的肿瘤消失,其他小鼠肿瘤缩小至原始的一半左右。

小鼠动物实验结果表明:使用狂犬病毒作为脑癌药物载体达到预期效果。如果在人类身上也同样有效,这种携带纳米颗粒的病毒可以直接治疗肿瘤而不损害健康细胞,或成精准治疗脑癌的“神器”。

质疑声并存

巴罗神经学研究所(Barrow Neurological Institute)药物输送研究学者Rachael Sirianni 对此提出质疑,一般狂犬病毒需要比较长时间才能达到脑内,但是韩国学者的研究是数小时就到达肿瘤细胞。另外这种颗粒不仅会杀死肿瘤细胞,正常神经细胞也会吸收这种颗粒同样会被破坏。只有最理想的情况是肿瘤细胞选择性吸收这些材料,且该材料在残留在血管内;而肿瘤细胞外的泄漏意味着加热的颗粒可能会在这个过程中杀死健康细胞。

来自纪念斯隆凯特林癌症中心(Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center)材料科学Feng Chen担忧:这样的纳米颗粒可能会聚集在肝脏里,且需要很长时间才能清除。因此,获得FDA人体临床试验存在较大的挑战。

不过Youn在继续推进该研究。他表示,新的纳米颗粒优先堆积在肿瘤中,可以大大减少目前癌症治疗的副作用(在杀死癌细胞时同时杀死健康细胞)。在他看来,研究人员需要开发纳米颗粒,精确有效地针对肿瘤。

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    2017-02-16 jichang
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    2017-02-14 忠诚向上

    好好努力

    0

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