NEJM:长达20年随访发现,与观察治疗相比,前列腺切除术对早期患者无明显益处

2017-07-26 朱爽爽 奇点网

对于每一个被诊断为早期前列腺癌的患者而言,一般会有三个治疗方法可供他们选择:手术、放疗和观察治疗。据2000年的统计数据,只有5.5%的患者会选择观察治疗

对于每一个被诊断为早期前列腺癌的患者而言,一般会有三个治疗方法可供他们选择:手术、放疗和观察治疗。据2000年的统计数据,只有5.5%的患者会选择观察治疗(1)。

这个选择对癌症患者而言,无可厚非,毕竟没有人想每天和癌细胞生活在一起,想想这就是一件很可怕的事情。然而,来自明尼苏达大学的研究团队表明,绝大部分患者的选择可能并不明智。

7月中旬,Timothy Wilt博士团队公布了他们长达20年的跟踪调查结果。他们发现,与观察治疗相比,根治性前列腺切除术对于早期前列腺癌患者来说并没有明显的益处,反而会造成一系列副作用,例如尿失禁以及性功能失常等等。这一发现发表在《新英格兰杂志》上(2)。


Timothy Wilt博士

其实,早期前列腺癌还是很常见的。NIH的数据显示,大约11.6%的男性在一生中的某个时间会被诊断出前列腺癌,同时超过70%的患者在确诊时都处于早期前列腺癌状态。

而且,由于这种癌症常发生在65岁以上的人群,并且癌症进展缓慢,往往需要十几年的发展才会危及患者生命,所以只有3%左右的患者是真正死于前列腺癌(3)。


前列腺癌患者确诊年龄的分布

因此,临床上对于早期前列腺癌也存在着三种标准治疗方案。一种是观察治疗,一种是手术治疗,还有一种是放疗。这三种方案各有各的优缺点。手术治疗会尽量移除所有的肿瘤组织,这让患者更安心。而放疗在有效消除肿瘤的同时,不需要麻醉,也不需要患者住院,患者可以随治随走(4)。

但是,手术和放疗也会引起一系列的副作用,影响患者的生活质量。有研究表明,与观察治疗相比,手术后,尿失禁的风险会增加20%,而性功能失常的更是会增加36%,因为根治性前列腺切除术过程中不可避免的会损伤到一些神经。同样地,放疗也会伴随着15%的尿失禁风险,3%的性功能失常风险。此外,放疗还会引起排便功能障碍(5)。



所以,观察治疗的优势也就体现出来了。观察治疗只需要患者定期进行检查,因此没有任何副作用,也不会影响患者的正常生活,同时患者也可以随时要求开始积极治疗。

这也符合两个月之前《临床肿瘤学杂志》上就公布了一项调查结果。研究人员通过对934例75岁以下的早期前列腺癌患者进行长达15年的跟踪调查发现,有近14.6%的患者后悔当初治疗方案的选择。其中15%的患者后悔选择了手术,16.6%的患者后悔选择了放疗,但是只有8%的患者因为焦虑(担心癌症扩散)而后悔选择了观察治疗(6)。

其实这也很好理解,大部分人被诊断患有癌症时的第一想法肯定是寻求积极治疗,毕竟谁也不想和那么多的癌细胞一起生活,所以很少有人选择观察治疗。而随着生存时间的延长,人们越来越关心自己的生活质量。试想一下,有哪个男人愿意每天穿着尿不湿,此外,失去性功能以及便秘等都会使患者备受折磨。



所以,当圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院的国家研究团队的研究结果公布后,可能会有更多患者因为选择了积极治疗而后悔。

而为了证明观察治疗的可行性。华盛顿大学医学院的研究人员从1994年开始,招募了731位符合条件的早期前列腺癌患者,随机分为观察治疗组或者手术治疗组,随后进行跟踪调查。在跟踪调查过程中,有专门的病理学家负责患者的病理诊断,也有专门的团队负责处理患者的医疗数据,二者是分开的,以保证诊断的独立性。实验的主要终点是全因死亡率,次要终点是前列腺癌导致的死亡率。

最终,研究人员发现,在2014年时,总共有468人死亡,而与观察治疗相比,手术组的全因死亡率并没有明显降低。其中,手术组共有61.3%的患者死亡,观察组共有66.8%的患者死亡。二者全因死亡率相差只有5.5%。


不同类型患者两种治疗方案的全因死亡率对比

其中,只有65人的死亡可以归因于前列腺癌(完全或者部分),手术组为7.4%,观察组为11.4%。而完全归因于前列腺癌的死者,手术组占4.9%,而观察组只占6%,二者相差仅1%左右。虽然从实验的两个终点数据来看,手术组还是占有略微优势的,但是这一差异没有任何统计学意义。

进一步分析发现,对于确诊时年龄大于或等于65岁的患者,手术组全因死亡率为68.2%而观察组全因死亡率为70.8%,二者之差只有2.6%。同样地,确诊时PSA(前列腺特异性抗原,用于前列腺癌的诊断)小于10ng的患者以及被诊断为低风险或者高风险(通过PSA值以及Gleason分级和癌症的分期判断)的患者,手术组与观察组之间的全因死亡率以及归因于前列腺癌的死亡率差别都在3%左右。

同时,在调查过程中的跟踪随访患者的自我评估显示。在研究开始的前两年,与观察组相比,治疗组常常抱怨前列腺癌或者治疗带来的身体不适,同样地治疗组对于尿失禁的抱怨会持续长达10年,而对于性功能失常的抱怨也持续了5年。


不同类型患者两种治疗方案的归因于膀胱癌的死亡率对比

那么手术组真的没有任何优势吗?也不是。对于初诊年龄小于65岁的患者,手术组全因死亡率有47.5%,而观察组有59.5%,二者相差12%。同样地,对于诊断为中等风险的患者或者PSA大于10ng的患者,手术治疗组全因死亡率都会降低10%左右。意味着手术治疗或许可以改善这些患者的生存。

此外与观察组相比,手术组的疾病恶化人数更少。对于手术组来说,有40.9%的患者出现不同程度的疾病恶化,而对于观察组来说,这一数值是68.4%。但是大部分疾病的恶化都是局部恶化,并且其中大约一半的恶化是无临床症状的。真正有意义的系统进展差别只有4%。

所以,对于大部分早期前列腺癌患者的治疗,根治性前列腺切除术并没有明显降低患者的全因死亡率以及归因于前列腺癌的死亡率,反而会产生副作用,影响患者的生活质量。而之前也有研究表明,与观察治疗相比,放疗同样没有明显改善患者的生存情况,反而产生更大的副作用(7)。

因此,总的来说,与另外两种治疗方案相比,观察治疗的确是一种既省钱,又可行,而且还可以改善患者生存质量的治疗选择。正如本文一作Timothy Wilt博士所说:“我们的研究结果表明,对于大多数早期前列腺癌的男性,选择观察治疗并不会减少他们的生存期,同时还可以预防手术治疗的危害。而医生也可以使用我们研究中的信息自信地推荐观察治疗作为早期前列腺癌男性的首选治疗方案。”

原始出处:

1.Harlan S R, Cooperberg M R, Elkin E P, et al. Time trends and characteristics of men choosing watchful waiting for initial treatment of localized prostate cancer: results from CaPSURE. The Journal of urology, 2003, 170(5): 1804-1807.

2.Wilt T J, Jones K M, Barry M J, et al. Follow-up of Prostatectomy versus Observation for Early Prostate Cancer[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2017, 377(2): 132-142.

3.Dall'Era M A, Cooperberg M R, Chan J M, et al. Active surveillance for early‐stage prostate cancer[J]. Cancer, 2008, 112(8): 1650-1659.

4.https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/understanding-prostate-cancer-treatment

5.Chou R, Croswell J M, Dana T, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: a review of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force[J]. Annals of internal medicine, 2011, 155(11): 762-771.

6.Hoffman R M, Lo M, Clark J A, et al. Treatment Decision Regret Among Long-Term Survivors of Localized Prostate Cancer: Results From the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study[J]. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2017: JCO. 2016.70. 6317.

7.Sanyal C, Aprikian A G, Cury F L, et al. Management of localized and advanced prostate cancer in Canada: A lifetime cost and quality‐adjusted life‐year analysis[J]. Cancer, 2016, 122(7): 1085-1096.

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    2017-07-27 189****7206

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2017-07-27 jet747

    二十年研究,太难了

    0

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    2017-07-27 吴晶晶

    学习了

    0

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    2017-07-26 luominglian113

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-07-26 1de07360m07(暂无匿称)

    谢谢分享,学习了!

    0

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