JAMA Oncol:增加膳食纤维摄入可以降低结直肠癌的病死率

2017-11-13 肿瘤资讯编辑部 肿瘤资讯

既往的研究显示,高膳食纤维饮食可以降低结直肠癌的发病风险,但对于结直肠癌患者,增加膳食纤维摄入是否可以降低患者的总生存和结直肠癌特异性生存?目前尚无定论。近日,《JAMA Oncology》发表了一项前瞻性的队列研究,分析结直肠癌患者诊断后的膳食纤维摄入和患者总生存的关系。

既往的研究显示,高膳食纤维饮食可以降低结直肠癌的发病风险,但对于结直肠癌患者,增加膳食纤维摄入是否可以降低患者的总生存和结直肠癌特异性生存?目前尚无定论。近日,《JAMA Oncology》发表了一项前瞻性的队列研究,分析结直肠癌患者诊断后的膳食纤维摄入和患者总生存的关系。

背景

在美国,结直肠癌的发病位列第三,也是第三大癌症死因。近年来,随着癌症早筛和治疗的进步,预计在2016年,结直肠癌患者已经超过140万,并且逐年递增。很多癌症生存者会主动的去寻求一些自我照护的策略,尤其是膳食咨询,以帮助治疗和恢复。然而,既往关于诊断后的饮食和结直肠癌患者的生存研究数据较少,多数关于癌症生存者的饮食建议都是源于健康人群的发病研究数据。因此,探寻预后相关的饮食因素对改善结直肠癌患者的照护非常重要。

过去很多关于病因学的研究都证实,膳食纤维摄入可以降低结直肠癌的发病。膳食纤维通过稀释致癌物并降低其过肠时间,减少肠内致癌因子的暴露时间。此外,纤维还可以增加人体对胰岛素的敏感性,调节代谢等,这些都有助于改善结直肠癌患者的预后。此外,肠道菌群还可以将纤维发酵为短链的脂肪酸,如丁酸盐,醋酸盐,丙酸盐等,这些都有抗肿瘤的作用。

上述研究均为临床前的数据,既往还没有研究评估了膳食纤维摄入和结直肠癌患者生存的关系。本研究汇总了两个大型前瞻性研究队列——护士健康研究(NHS)和健康专业人士随访研究(HPFS),以探索诊断为结直肠癌后的膳食纤维摄入及其主要食物来源是否可以降低结直肠癌患者的病死率。

结果

1. 一般临床特征

两个研究中共1575例诊断为I-III期的结直肠癌患者,其中963例(61.1%)为女性,中位年龄为68.6岁。中位随访8年,共记录到773例患者死亡,其中174例(22.5%)为结直肠癌特异性死亡。其他主要的死因包括心血管疾病(n=168),除结直肠癌之外的其他癌症(n=121)。对于I期,II期和III期的患者,总体5年生存率分别为83%(95%CI:79%-86%),82%(95%CI:78%-86%),72%(95%CI:67%-76%),这一生存数据与全国统计的数据相当。

2. 诊断后总的膳食纤维摄入与患者的生存

在调整了其他潜在影响预后的因素后,膳食纤维摄入与结直肠癌特异性病死率呈负相关。多因素分析,每天增加5g膳食纤维摄入量,结直肠癌特异性死亡风险和全因病死率分别降低22%和24%,HR分别为0.78 (95% CI, 0.65-0.93; P = 0.006)和0.86 (95% CI, 0.79-0.93;P < 0.001)。

样条分析(spline analysis)显示诊断后膳食纤维摄入量与结直肠癌特异性病死率呈线性相关,与全因病死率呈非线性的显着相关性。当膳食纤维摄入量接近24g/天时,病死率降低最低,再继续增加摄入,病死率不会继续降低。

3.诊断后改变膳食纤维的摄入量与患者生存的关系

诊断前和诊断后的膳食纤维摄入量呈现弱相关(Spearman相关系数r=0.58)。研究评估了诊断后改变膳食纤维摄入量与患者生存的关系。如下表2所示,患者在诊断后增加膳食纤维的摄入量(相比诊断前),病死率耕地,每增加5g/天的纤维摄入,可以降低18%的结直肠癌特异性病死率(95%CI, 7%-28%;P = .002),降低14%的全因病死率(95%CI, 8%-19%;P< 0.001)。

4. 不同食物来源的纤维摄入和患者生存的关系

研究者还评估了主要的纤维来源,包括谷物类,蔬菜和水果与患者生存的关系。在调整了蔬菜和水果的纤维摄入后,谷物类来源的纤维摄入可以降低患者的病死率。每增加5g/天的纤维摄入,可以分别降低33%的结直肠癌特异性病死率(HR=0.67;95% CI, 0.50-0.90; P <0 .007 for trend)和22%的全因病死率(HR=0.78;95% CI, 0.68-0.90; P < 0.001 for trend)。然而,水果来源的纤维与患者的生存无相关性。蔬菜来源的纤维也可以降低患者的全因病死率,每增加5g/天,全因病死率降低17%(HR=0.83;95%CI,0.72-0.96;P =0.009for trend),但不会降低结直肠癌特异性病死率(HR=0.82;95%CI:0.60-1.13;P=0.22)。

5. 全麦摄入量与患者的生存

增加全麦摄入量也可以降低结直肠癌特异性病死率,多因素分析显示,每增加20g/天,可以降低28%的结直肠癌特异性病死率(HR=0.72;95%CI:0.59-0.88;P=0.002 for trend)。在调整了膳食纤维摄入后,全麦摄入对生存的保护作用减弱,HR=0.77;95%CI:0.62-0.96;P=0.02 for trend。相似的,同样观察到全麦摄入可以降低全因死亡率,在调整了纤维摄入后,这一保护作用减弱,分别为HR=0.88(95%CI:0.80-0.97;P=0.008 for trend)和HR=0.91(95%CI:0.83-1.01;P=0.008 for trend)。

结论和点评

本研究提示,诊断为结直肠癌后的膳食纤维和全麦摄入量可以降低患者癌症特异性病死率和全因病死率。这一研究将为后续制定结直肠癌生存者饮食指南提供重要参考数据。

原始出处:

Song M,et al.,Fiber Intake and Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis.JAMA Oncol. 2017 Nov 2.

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    2018-04-22 minlingfeng
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