补钠、补钾怎么补?怎么算?这份补液攻略请收好

2020-08-11 小虫子 医学界临床药学频道

低钠血症、低钾血症是临床常遇到水盐失衡类型,是临床上最容易忽视的问题之一。其中,补钠公式在临床上广泛地被应用,但由于大家对它的看法不同而算法各异。

低钠血症、低钾血症是临床常遇到水盐失衡类型,是临床上最容易忽视的问题之一。其中,补钠公式在临床上广泛地被应用,但由于大家对它的看法不同而算法各异。

临床上,造成低钠的原因各有不同,最常见的有脱水后低钠与疾病相关性低钠,今天我们来讲讲大家关心的临床补钠、补钾问题。

补钠量怎么算?

我们知道,正常人血钠值的范围在135-148 mmol/L,钠盐摄入量为7-12 g/d。一般认为:

当Na+<125 mmol/L为重度低钠血症;
125 mmol/L<Na+<129 mmol/L为中度低钠;
130 mmol/L<Na+<135 mmol/L为轻度低钠。

2014年欧洲权威指南对于中重度的低钠血症给出了详细的处理流程:

第1 h,推荐立即静脉输注3%高渗盐水(20 min以上),后复查血钠浓度;在第2个20 min重复静脉输注3%高渗盐水150 mL,建议重复以上治疗2次,或直到血钠浓度增加5 mmol/L。

1 h后,血钠水平升高>5 mmol/L,推荐停止输注高渗盐水,可输注0.9%盐水且对因治疗。

需重点指出的是第一个24h限制血钠升高超过10 mmol/L,随后酶24 h血钠升高<8 mmol/L,直到血钠达到130 mmol/L,以免出现补钠过快导致脱髓鞘病变。

对于非紧急处理患者,一般可按如下公式补液:
NaCl(g)= [142-患者血Na+(mmol/L)]×体重(kg)×60%/17;
或NaCl(g)= [142-患者血Na+(mmol/L)]×体重(kg)×20%/17。

公式中正常血钠一般按142 mmol/L计算,人体的体液量占体重的60%。

但也有学者认为,人体钠大部分是在细胞外液中,内液含量很少;相反地,人体的液体大部分在细胞里,故当失钠时,由于其他部位的钠一般不能被利用,损失的主要是细胞外液中的钠。所以多数学者更倾向于按细胞外液容量占体重的20%计算,而不必考虑细胞内液的情况。

1 g氯化钠含17 mmoL钠,在24 h内先补计算量的1/3-1/2,复查后再补充。

根据以上公式,分别转化成生理盐水(NS)和不同浓度氯化钠溶液的剂量分别如下所示:

生理盐水(mL)= [142-患者血Na+(mmol/L)] ×体重(kg)×3.888 (男性为3.888,女性为3.311);
3%NaCl (mL)= [142-患者血Na+(mmol/L))] ×体重(kg)×1.1666 (男性为1.1666,女性为0.993);
5% NaCl (mL)= [142-患者血Na+(mmol/L)] ×体重(kg)×0.7 (男性为0.7,女性为0.596)。

临床如何补钾

相较于低钠血症,低钾血症的处理就简单多了。低钾血症是指血清钾<3.5 mmol/L的一种病理生理状态,低血钾导致许多血管临床事件,临床中常有无法经消化道进食,但能正常排尿、排便的患者需要经胃肠外营养补钾。

钾在体内主要是集合管和远曲小管分泌的,代谢特点是多吃多排、少吃少排、不吃也排,正常情况下集体内摄入和排除的钾保持动态平衡,不需要额外补充。

对于不能进食的人,一表让你了解江湖上流传最广的“补钾3 6 9”传说。

表1 不同程度低钾血症所需额外补钾量

需要注意的是这些钾不是一天补足的,要分3-4天补足,这里的“3 6 9”也仅代表氯化钾的量而非钾离子,由于氯化钾较便宜,副作用少,兼顾补氯,故最为常用。

然而,临床上可用于补钾制剂种类可不只有氯化钾,像枸橼酸钾、醋酸钾、谷氨酸钾、门冬氨酸钾镁等也是具备良好的补钾功效而被临床广泛认可,因此补钾≠补氯化钾!

那么,临床这么多制剂,补充同等剂量的钾应用的药品剂量都一样吗?

当然不是啦。看官们莫急,小编先带大家回顾一下高中化学,整理下这些补钾制剂的分子量:

氯化钾74.5
枸橼酸钾 306.4
门冬氨酸钾镁180.2
醋酸钾98.1
谷氨酸钾 203.2

正常人每日生理一般钾需要量为3 g(75 mmol),如果用KCl来补是75×74.5=5.6 g,如果用枸橼酸钾来补大概是75×306.4=23 g,如果用门冬氨酸钾镁来补大概是13.5 g,如果用醋酸甲来补大概是7 g,如果用谷氨酸钾来补为15 g。

临床常用补钾方法

▎口服补钾

钾在肠道吸收率高达90%,口服补钾可以说是最直接安全的方式。可选药物包括枸橼酸钾、氯化钾缓释片、10%氯化钾注射液,除此之外,患者也可多食用一些富含钾的食物,如香蕉、无花果、土豆等。

▎静脉补钾

静脉补钾可及时快速纠正低钾血症、降低并发的风险,可静脉滴注15 mL10%氯化钾注射液+NS500 mL。需要注意的是,静脉补钾需同时加大补液量,这可能会增加心脏负担,且由于药物刺激,可能导致静脉炎及疼痛的发生。

▎输液泵补钾

输液泵补钾是抢救心功能不全,合并严重低钾血症的最佳途径,缺点是引起高钾血症风险大,需要严格监测输入的氯化钾含量。

另外,临床静脉补钾应遵循“见尿补钾,不宜过浓,不宜过快,不宜过多”的原则。

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    2021-04-16 sjq036
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    2021-06-25 12582e2em19暂无昵称

    值得一看

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    2021-06-12 ms4000000199380640

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2021-06-04 ms4000000079207461

    谢谢

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1681933, encodeId=ad6516819338a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1add90186e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#补钠#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90186, encryptionId=1add90186e2, topicName=补钠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5a4927872835, createdName=sjq036, createdTime=Fri Apr 16 07:00:48 CST 2021, time=2021-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=976676, encodeId=8dd79e6676b5, content=值得一看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e1e32570990, createdName=12582e2em19暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jun 25 00:19:33 CST 2021, time=2021-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=973180, encodeId=238d9e318058, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cdd35519976, createdName=ms4000000199380640, createdTime=Sat Jun 12 23:52:35 CST 2021, time=2021-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=970721, encodeId=7de79e07216d, content=谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d6935421065, createdName=ms4000000079207461, createdTime=Fri Jun 04 00:32:46 CST 2021, time=2021-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=947667, encodeId=4c2c94e667df, content=实用,学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8c245394924, createdName=ms5000000303317415, createdTime=Fri Mar 12 13:44:40 CST 2021, time=2021-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=883970, encodeId=fcba8839e04e, content=学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dc075305221, createdName=ms5000001037047774, createdTime=Wed Sep 09 21:21:44 CST 2020, time=2020-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=808326, encodeId=0826808326e3, content=学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200804/62f3c5bb78aa4f1bac3aef7bcd9c1c0d/029c3f00f77d40db887fd7feb647c9ef.jpg, createdBy=c8e65408461, createdName=月瘦如眉, createdTime=Thu Aug 13 07:01:23 CST 2020, time=2020-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604551, encodeId=af5116045515b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=87849018e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#补钾#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90187, encryptionId=87849018e10, topicName=补钾)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=834d19222065, createdName=pps20025, createdTime=Thu Aug 13 00:00:48 CST 2020, time=2020-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807557, encodeId=94cb80e5574e, content=学习了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzTetibytbqFDmFITWHyBWbxU7S9MYibgPSqvu0sYteH0N6zXqbU0Kf3Mbdb7yWM1Kud3zPgYBibE2SZ/0, createdBy=da7696924, createdName=qingfengqishi5, createdTime=Tue Aug 11 21:57:51 CST 2020, time=2020-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-12 ms5000000303317415

    实用,学习了!

    0

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    2020-09-09 ms5000001037047774

    学习了!

    0

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    2020-08-13 月瘦如眉

    学习,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-08-13 pps20025
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    2020-08-11 qingfengqishi5

    学习了,学习了

    0

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