他汀类降脂药的六大“讲究”

2017-10-14 曹爱霖 上海药讯

他汀类药物是细胞内胆固醇合成限速酶的抑制剂,自1976年第一代他汀被研发至今,已走过了风风雨雨三十一年。现在,他汀类药物在降血脂、冠心病的一二级预防等方面均有着不可替代的作用,虽然他汀类药物有着“安全”“高效”等美誉,但此类药物应用时还是需要讲究一下的。


曹爱霖 上海长海医院药学部临床药学室

他汀类药物是细胞内胆固醇合成限速酶的抑制剂,自1976年第一代他汀被研发至今,已走过了风风雨雨三十一年。现在,他汀类药物在降血脂、冠心病的一二级预防等方面均有着不可替代的作用,虽然他汀类药物有着“安全”“高效”等美誉,但此类药物应用时还是需要讲究一下的。

(一)他汀种类有讲究

他汀类药物种类较多,现今市面上销售的他汀包括辛伐他汀、洛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀,中成药血脂康胶囊中的主要成分是红曲,其能产生洛伐他汀而起到调节血脂的作用。不同种类他汀药物常用口服剂量不同,不同厂家的同种他汀规格也各有差异,在更换服用他汀的种类和厂家的时候,一定要留意药品的规格和使用剂量。

(二)何时用药有讲究

他汀类药物受食物影响小,进餐对药物发挥作用影响不大,且他汀类药物并无严重的胃肠不良反应,因此,只要做到定时定量,无论是进食前还是进食后服用均可。

大部分他汀最宜在晚上临睡前服用,因为胆固醇合成的高峰在午夜12时左右,睡前用药能让药物作用在午夜达峰,从而达到更好的降胆固醇效果。阿托伐他汀和瑞舒伐他汀因为半衰期较长,可以在一天的任何时间服用。

如果错过了用药时间,应在记起时立即补用,若已接近下一次用药时间,则无需补用,切勿一次使用双倍剂量。

(三)肝酶升高有讲究

一般而言,患者服用他汀类药物都是安全有效的,但少部分患者在服用他汀之后,会出现肝脏转氨酶升高。对于转氨酶轻中度异常的患者,若是本身有活动性肝炎等严重肝病,则不应该使用他汀类药物治疗;若是患者合并有非酒精性脂肪肝,应用他汀不仅安全有效,还能改善肝脏功能,因此,对于具备他汀适应症的患者,若没有肝肿大、黄疸、直接胆红素升高等器质性肝损害证据,应积极充分地使用他汀。服用他汀后,只要患者转氨酶无进行性升高(≥3倍正常上限),应继续服药。

(四)肌痛反应有讲究

肌肉酸痛是他汀类药物的常见不良反应之一,依据肌酸激酶(CK)值是否正常又可以分为肌炎和肌痛,如果CK大幅升高,则可能为横纹肌溶解症,严重的甚至可以危及生命。患者在应用他汀类药物的时候,只要出现了疑似肌肉不适的症状,就应立即停药,及时就医,以免耽误病情。

(五)联合用药有讲究

联合用药是他汀类药物所致肝损害、肌肉毒性的重要危险因素。如果同时服用阿奇霉素、胺碘酮、罗红霉素、非诺贝特等肝药酶抑制剂,可使他汀类药物血药浓度上升,增加不良反应发生概率。

部分患者存在有甘油三酯大幅度升高而需要同时服用非诺贝特和他汀的情况,可在早晨服用非诺贝特,晚上睡前服用他汀类药物,这样可大大降低不良反应的发生率。

在服用他汀类药物期间,不要过量食用西柚或西柚制品,其可以延缓他汀类药物代谢,易诱发不良反应。

(六)生活方式有讲究

在服用他汀类药物的同时,还应该注意改善生活方式,低盐低脂均衡饮食,减少胆固醇的摄入,此外,适度的锻炼也是十分提倡的。

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    2017-10-16 Boyinsh
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1348380, encodeId=8ae113483805d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f7198199df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降脂药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98199, encryptionId=9f7198199df, topicName=降脂药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=726030, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 03:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253241, encodeId=a59525324134, content=学习了.有提高, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 23:53:35 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252880, encodeId=5ec5252880e4, content=学习了提高了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 16:47:02 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252848, encodeId=d11525284866, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 13:20:03 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252836, encodeId=4b10252836e2, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 12:22:03 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-15 明崖

    学习了.有提高

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1348380, encodeId=8ae113483805d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f7198199df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降脂药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98199, encryptionId=9f7198199df, topicName=降脂药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=726030, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 03:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253241, encodeId=a59525324134, content=学习了.有提高, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 23:53:35 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252880, encodeId=5ec5252880e4, content=学习了提高了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 16:47:02 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252848, encodeId=d11525284866, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 13:20:03 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252836, encodeId=4b10252836e2, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 12:22:03 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-14 杨利洪

    学习了提高了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1348380, encodeId=8ae113483805d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f7198199df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降脂药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98199, encryptionId=9f7198199df, topicName=降脂药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=726030, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 03:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253241, encodeId=a59525324134, content=学习了.有提高, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 23:53:35 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252880, encodeId=5ec5252880e4, content=学习了提高了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 16:47:02 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252848, encodeId=d11525284866, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 13:20:03 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252836, encodeId=4b10252836e2, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 12:22:03 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-14 139****0239

    henhao

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1348380, encodeId=8ae113483805d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f7198199df' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降脂药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98199, encryptionId=9f7198199df, topicName=降脂药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=726030, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 03:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253241, encodeId=a59525324134, content=学习了.有提高, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 23:53:35 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252880, encodeId=5ec5252880e4, content=学习了提高了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 16:47:02 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252848, encodeId=d11525284866, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=80d11516357, createdName=139****0239, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 13:20:03 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252836, encodeId=4b10252836e2, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 12:22:03 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-14 天地飞扬

    谢谢分享!

    0

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新的分析显示,在高危人群中,达到低至低于10 mg / dL的超低LDL胆固醇水平可以安全地降低心血管事件风险。被称为PCSK9抑制剂的较新一类降胆固醇药物已经成为将LDL胆固醇显著降低至目前治疗目标以外的有效治疗方法。今年早些时候,由Brigham和女子医院调查人员进行临床试验的结果发现,当加入他汀类药物治疗时,PCSK9抑制剂evolocumab导致心血管事件风险显著降低,并且是安全的。在一个

JACC:如何减少他汀类使用中出现的肌肉毒性等副作用?

他汀类药物通过降低低密度脂蛋白或“不良”胆固醇来预防心脏病发作非常有效。然而,10%至20%的服用他汀类药物的患者报告肌肉相关症状,包括疼痛和痉挛,限制了他们使用推荐剂量。服用他汀类药物的患者心血管事件的风险很高,导致医疗保健成本上升。