中美大肠癌多学科综合治疗研讨会在沪举行,主席蔡三军教授深入解读结直肠癌的分子异质性

2017-11-13 佚名 ioncology

秋风飒爽,第八届中美大肠癌多学科综合治疗研讨会暨国家级继教育大肠癌高级诊治学习班在上海如期举行。大会立足于多学科综合治疗,以多人探讨的形式为主,针对结直肠癌各领域热点话题进行分析。复旦大学附属肿瘤医院的蔡三军教授作为本次大会的主席,对本次大会设计予以高度的评价,蔡三军教授在大会上重点阐述了肿瘤异质性等问题。

秋风飒爽,第八届中美大肠癌多学科综合治疗研讨会暨国家级继教育大肠癌高级诊治学习班在上海如期举行。大会立足于多学科综合治疗,以多人探讨的形式为主,针对结直肠癌各领域热点话题进行分析。复旦大学附属肿瘤医院的蔡三军教授作为本次大会的主席,对本次大会设计予以高度的评价,蔡三军教授在大会上重点阐述了肿瘤异质性等问题。

立足大肠癌临床实践,聚焦前沿,形式活泼

蔡三军教授:本次会议的特色是以多人结合临床实践围绕目前的热点、难点问题或者有争议的问题进行探讨为主,而讲座相对较少,通过在病例引导下抛出热点问题的形式组织在场的嘉宾进行讨论,主要内容有以下几个方面:

一、聚焦大肠癌精准治疗,讨论如何运用各种危险因素来帮助Ⅱ、Ⅲ期和晚期结直肠癌患者选择辅助化疗药物和化疗疗程等。

二、关于pCR结直肠癌患者的保肛治疗问题也是讨论的最大亮点之一。放化疗是中低位直肠癌患者的标准治疗方案,过去主要通过放化疗来缩小肿瘤,使患者具有手术适应症,减少复发以及尽量做到保肛治疗。但是相对于患者接受放化疗后的毒副作用、时间耽搁和费用开支等问题来说,患者的受益仍然有限。目前一个比较有利的发现是约放化疗约有30%~40%的患者能够达到病理完全缓解(pcR),而这部分患者肿瘤治愈率达90%以上,即针对病理完全缓解(pcR)的患者,可以选择非手术治疗,避免手术的毒副作用,使患者获益翻倍。如何通过放化疗中间的化疗、诱导化疗、间期延长,包括剂量调整、患者的选择等使患者最大程度地达到PCR以及在手术前筛选出能够获得临床PCR的患者选择非手术治疗是大会讨论的热点之一。

三、肠癌肝转移的探索。肠癌肝转移主要分为:可切除的、潜在可切除的和不可切除三大类,每个领域都有不同程度的进展。临床上50%的肠癌患者可能发生肝转移,5年生存率仅有6%左右,这部分患者通过积极的治疗,肝转移灶可以根治性切除大概可以改善约8%的大肠癌患者的5年生存率,数值相当可观。

本次会议的主要形式是邀请中外专家进行整体的宏观介绍,然后结合三个病例来让参会人员结合自身临床体会提出热点问题进行讨论,使临床医生更容易接受和理解。

IDEA研究的临床启示

蔡三军教授:IDEA研究使沉寂多年的辅助治疗再一次产生轰动性效应,意义重大。IDEA研究是由六个国家主导的大型研究,总共入组了1万多病例。虽然IDEA研究整体结果没有达到预期,但研究结果也引起了肿瘤界的深思,例如,这项研究确实证明了在很多情况下针对低危患者采用三个月辅助化疗已经足够,而针对部分高危的T4N2MO患者六个月辅助化疗仍然是金标准。另外,IDEA研究也对FLOFOX、CAPOX方案进行了比较,研究结果也值得参考。针对高危患者采用六个月化疗问题,部分肿瘤专家倾向于3个月联合化疗+3个月单药化疗的形式,即如果在3个月左右患者奥沙利铂的毒副作用比较厉害,则后3个月采用单药治疗,可以提高患者生活质量,使结直肠癌离精准治疗又更进了一步。

但IDEA研究在设计上还存在一些遗憾:如研究内容比较广泛,入组患者分型、治疗方案较多,没有针对性等,未来可能还需开展针对单一问题的小样本研究。

追本溯源,条分缕析,揭秘肿瘤的异质性

蔡三军教授:恶性肿瘤生物学有三大特点:一、肿瘤自主性生长;二、肿瘤异质性;三、肿瘤的复发和转移。从产生第一个肿瘤细胞到它的每一个子代都可能有新的生物学特点,这是异质性的基本原理。本人曾针对大肠癌的分子异质性话题多次在国际会议上进行了报告,对此进行了深入的学习和解读

从结直肠癌的起源上讲,严格应分为两类:一是错配修复基因,二是染色体不稳定的APC突变,其中错配修复基因又可分为两类:突变和甲基化。在染色体不断突变的过程中会产生新的生物学特点——即表型,又进一步影响患者的临床表现、治疗、预后以及生存期等。当突变由基因型发展到表型时可以用于指导治疗,例如,错配修复基因、BRAF、Her-2突变等。由于肿瘤存在很多基因改变,通过单一的基因突变指导肿瘤治疗可能针对性不强、不够精准,细化分型治疗可能疗效更显着。目前,正在开展一项关于肿瘤基因突变分型的研究,希望将表型与分型,分型和临床关联起来,通过分析基因型与临床表型的关联用于指导患者的诊断、治疗和预后。

同时,肿瘤还存在时间和空间异质性,主要表现在:第一、在时间的演进过程中会产生更多的突变产生,治疗后也会产生新的突变,从而表现出肿瘤的异质性;第二、肿瘤位置的异质性,取标本的位置不同也可能导致肿瘤的异质性;第三、转移灶跟原发灶之间存在异质性;第四、肿瘤部位的异质性,例如左右半结直肠由于起源的肠管不同,产生的基因型不同,导致产生的表型和临床表现均具有差异。

左右半结肠主要的差异性是由于肠管的起源不同:一个为中肠起源,一个是后肠起源,中肠起源以错配修复基因的突变为主,而后肠起源主要由于APC首发突变的染色体不稳定性为主,两种突变的比例不同,这就导致了右半结肠预后相对较差,而左半结肠预后相对较好。另外,在疗效预测方面,左半结肠患者可能采用西妥昔单抗治疗疗效更好,而右半结肠中两种靶向药物西妥昔单抗和贝伐珠单抗疗效无明显差异,未来如果可以根据基因分型指导治疗是更为明智的选择。

专家简介:
蔡三军教授
复旦大学附属肿瘤医院大肠外科主任,教授,博导。
复旦大学肿瘤医院大肠癌多学科协作组首席专家、复旦大学大肠癌诊治中心主任、中国抗癌协会大肠癌专业委员会主任委员、美国临床肿瘤指南(NCCN)中国版专家委员会委员、NC-CN大肠癌临床实践指南(中国版)外科执笔人、主要从事结直肠癌基础和临床研究。
主编《结直肠肛门肿瘤》(北京大学出版社)。近5年发表医学论文60余篇,其中SCI30余篇,2012获得上海市科技进步部和教育部二等奖。先后参与承担国家自然科学基金、国家863计划,复旦211工程等科研课题,累计经费近2000万。

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    2017-12-26 kcb069
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