Blood:PD-1抗体pembrolizumab治疗慢性淋巴细胞白血病Richter’s转化有效

2017-04-25 任我行@血液科 肿瘤资讯

慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)Richter’s转化,是指CLL患者继发侵袭性淋巴瘤(绝大部分为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤[DLBCL],小部分为霍奇金淋巴瘤)。Richter’s转化的患者预后极差,目前缺乏有效的治疗,异基因造血干细胞移植有可能改善一部分年轻患者的预后。在最新一期Blood中,Ding Wei等发布了PD-1抑制剂治疗Richter’s转化的结果,有望为这一高度侵袭性疾病的治疗带来希望

慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)Richter’s转化,是指CLL患者继发侵袭性淋巴瘤(绝大部分为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤[DLBCL],小部分为霍奇金淋巴瘤)。Richter’s转化的患者预后极差,目前缺乏有效的治疗,异基因造血干细胞移植有可能改善一部分年轻患者的预后。在最新一期Blood中,Ding Wei等发布了PD-1抑制剂治疗Richter’s转化的结果,有望为这一高度侵袭性疾病的治疗带来希望。

背景

BTK抑制剂伊布替尼,PI3Kδ抑制剂idelalisib以及BCL-2抑制剂venetoclax等新药改变了CLL的治疗。尽管这些新药显著改善了复发CLL患者的预后,但是使用这些新药的患者依然会出现进展,此外,部分使用伊布替尼的患者在使用伊布替尼不久即会转化为侵袭性淋巴瘤,即Richter’s转化(RT)。使用伊布替尼时出现RT的患者预后极差,中位生存仅为4个月。

不少研究证明,在包括CLL在内的多个非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)中存在着PD-1和其配体PD-L1的表达。在CLL患者中,效应T细胞或效应记忆T细胞过表达PD-1,无法和白血病B细胞形成免疫突触。初期的临床试验表明,PD-1抗体在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)和其他NHL显示出一定疗效。在此基础上,研究者假设,阻断PD-1通路有可能克服复发CLL和RT患者中的免疫逃逸,从而达到治疗疾病的效果。

来自Mayo诊所的Ding Wei医生领导了一项研究(Ding Wei医生早年毕业于北京大学医学部),探索了PD-1抗体pembrolizumab在难治/复发CLL和低级别NHL(滤泡淋巴瘤、边缘区和淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤),研究同时也纳入了RT的患者。本篇报道分析了这项研究中pembrolizumab治疗CLL包括CLL伴RT患者的结果。

研究方法

该研究共纳入了两个队列的患者(A或B),队列A为难治复发的CLL,而队列B为低级别NHL,值得注意的是本篇研究只报道了队列A的研究结果。队列A为18岁以上的难治或复发的CLL患者(至少接受了一种治疗),ECOG 0-2, 肝肾功能正常,具有治疗指征(IWCLL 2008标准),对于RT患者,需要有组织病理确诊为高级别B细胞淋巴瘤转化,同时入组需要有一处至少1.5cm的可评估病灶。

所有的患者接受每3周一次200mg的pembrolizumab治疗2年,直到疾病进展或者出现不可耐受的毒性。

结果

这项研究从2015年2月开始入组,共入组了25例患者,包括16例难治复发的CLL和9例RT患者(均为活检证实的DLBCL)。患者的中位年龄为69岁(46-81),12例患者具有TP53异常:9例具有17p的缺失或者17号染色体单体,3例患者没有TP53缺失但具有TP53突变。15例患者之前接受过伊布替尼的治疗,包括12例在服用伊布替尼期间出现疾病进展的患者(6例在使用时出现RT,6例在使用时出现疾病进展)。

安全性方面,所有的患者均出现了毒性反应(AEs)。在15例(60%)中,出现了3级及以上的不良反应。最常见的治疗相关的AEs包括血小板减少(20%),贫血(20%),中性粒细胞缺乏(20%),呼吸困难和低氧血症(各8%)。在治疗的第一疗程中,共出现了两例早期死亡,其中一例可能为治疗相关。Pembrolizumab使用的中位疗程数为3(1-20),中位治疗时间为11周(1-56),CLL和RT患者的中位治疗时间分别为7.5和11周。

在全部的25例患者中,pembrolizumab仅在RT的患者中具有确切的疗效。没有一例CLL患者具有确定的疗效。一例RT的患者取得了完全缓解(CR),3例RT的患者取得了部分代谢缓解(PMR)(包括两例体积下降50%以上的患者),4例RT患者疾病稳定(SD),1例患者疾病进展(SD)(图1)。在全部的RT患者中,客观有效率ORR为44%(95%CI,14-79)。在16例CLL患者中,3例患者因为各种原因无法评估,在可以评估的13例CLL患者中,5例患者为SD,8例患者为PD。

图1. 接受pembrolizumab的RT患者的疗效反应

在生存方面,迄今为止,11例患者(3例RT和8例CLL)已经进展,12例患者死亡(4例RT和8例CLL)。对于RT和CLL患者,中位总生存分别为10.7和11.2个月。对于接受过伊布替尼治疗的15例患者中,CLL患者中位OS为4.3个月,而RT患者的中位OS未达到(p=0.13)。RT患者的无进展生存(PFS)显著优于CLL患者(p=0.013)。

在生物标志物方面,CR/PR的患者肿瘤组织PD-L1的表达显著高于没有治疗效果的患者(p=0.03)。鉴于DNA错配修复状态与pembrolizumab治疗结直肠癌疗效的相关性,研究者分析了这组病人中DNA错配修复状态与疗效的相关性,但是没有找到确切的相关性。

讨论与结论

在这项2期临床研究中,pembrolizumab在RT的患者中显示出不错的治疗效果。而相反的是,pembrolizumab对复发的CLL却没有明显的疗效。这些RT的患者之前接受过多种方案的治疗。在接受伊布替尼后出现进展的RT患者中,pembrolizumab使部分患者取得了持久的缓解。在中位随访时间11个月后,pembrolizumab治疗的RT患者中位OS仍未达到,而接受伊布替尼发生RT的患者接受标准的化疗中位生存仅为4个月。尽管RT的肿瘤的突变谱不同于初始DLBCL(de novo DLBCL),但是pembrolizumab在RT和de novo DLBCL中的治疗有效率相近,但治疗RT的疗效更加持久。

该研究首次证实了阻断PD-1治疗RT有效,为在这一难治的疾病中探索PD-1抗体的使用奠定了基础。

点评:

RT患者的预后极差,pembrolizumab的到来,似乎给RT患者带来了福音。根据本研究的结果,PD-L1的表达与疗效相关,这与在其他肿瘤的研究结果是一致的,但是从目前的研究结果来看基因组的不稳定性似乎与疗效没有关系。 该研究仅纳入了9例RT的患者,要想真正明确pembrolizumab治疗RT的效果,需要更多的病例数和更长的随访时间。

原始出处:

Ding W, LaPlant BR, Call TG, Parikh SA, Leis JF, He R, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with Richter's transformation and relapsed CLL. Blood. 2017.


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    2017-11-03 snf701207
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    2017-08-28 chendoc242
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    2017-12-01 feather89
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    2017-04-26 diushouji
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