硝普钠不注意这6种特殊情况,救命药变成毒药!

2018-09-17 佚名 夜诊

硝普钠作为强效扩血管药物,在降低心脏前负荷上的作用和硝酸甘油相当,但硝普钠扩张动脉降低后负荷的作用约为硝酸甘油的三倍,效果明显。


硝普钠作为强效扩血管药物,在降低心脏前负荷上的作用和硝酸甘油相当,但硝普钠扩张动脉降低后负荷的作用约为硝酸甘油的三倍,效果明显。
 
但是,就如越是漂亮的女人越是“祸水”,扩血管药效果越强,引起临床上不良反应的可能性越大,再加上使用不恰当,真的容易“狗带”。

太长不读版

1、入量快——血压骤降,心律失常

2、未避光——药物分解失效

3、渗于皮下——局部组织坏死

4、左心衰伴低血压者使用——休克

5、肺功能不全者使用——缺氧

6、肾功能不全者使用——中毒

一、入量快——血压骤降,心律失常

硝普钠静滴起效快,瞬间可达到血药浓度峰值,血压骤降,引起心律失常。

Tips:

1、最好使用微量输液泵,精确控制给药速度,常规速率0.5~10 μg/kg/min,平均滴速10滴/分,减少不良反应发生率。

2、开始剂量 0.5 μg/kg/min,开始5~15滴/分,根据疗效以 0.5 μg/kg/min 的速率递增,常用维持剂量3 μg/kg/min,在滴注过程中需监测血压,调整剂量,保证重要脏器灌注。

3. 如静滴达10μg/kg/min,10 min后降压效果仍不理想,考虑停药,改用或加用其它降压药。连续用药不宜超过72小时。

4、停药标准:

1)正常停药标准:

血压降至SBP 120~130 mmHg,DBP 80~85mmHg;主要症状基本得以控制(头痛、头晕等高血压症状或气促等急性左心衰竭症状)。在停药过程中需根据血压变化逐渐减量,避免停药过快,血压反跳。

2)异常停药标准

发生血压骤降,心律失常应立即停药,症状一般可在3~5分钟内迅速缓解。

二、未避光——药物分解失效

“亚硝基”决定“见不得光”,溶液稳定性较差——见光易分解。

Tips:

药品需严格避光保存,输液时应使用避光输液器。一定要避光,一定要避光避光,一定要避光避光——重要的事情说三遍。

三、渗于皮下——局部组织坏死

穿刺未成功就连上硝普钠液,液体渗出血管渗于皮下,析出氰离子,一方面直接作用于局部组织造成缺氧坏死,一方面部分氰离子在组织中形成氰酸盐,腐蚀软组织。加上此药水溶性良好,易在皮下组织扩散、吸收,加速肌腱及软组织坏死。

Tips:

为防外渗,在抢救过程中不要慌乱,确保穿刺成功后再连上硝普钠液。

四、左心衰伴低血压者使用——休克

据《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南 2014》,急性心衰患者早期是否适宜用血管扩张药,视患者收缩压而定。收缩压>110 mmHg ,通常可安全使用;收缩压90~110 mmHg,应谨慎使用;收缩压<90mmHg,禁忌使用。

Tips:

不怕一万最怕万一,收缩压低于 110 mmHg 时,尽量避免用硝普钠吧。或用硝普钠时可同时加用多巴胺,中等剂量多巴胺可增加心肌收缩力和心排血量,降低外周阻力,拮抗低血压。

五、肺功能不全者使用——缺氧

硝普钠进入人体可析出氰化物离子,后者为细胞原浆毒,对细胞内数十种氧化酶、脱氢酶、脱梭酶有抑制作用,尤其与细胞色素氧化酶三价铁迅速结合,抑制其活性,导致细胞呼吸障碍,影响气体交换,加重低氧血症。

Tips:

对肺功能不全者,用药时给予氧气吸入。

六、肾功能不全者使用——中毒

硝普钠代谢分解转变成有毒的硫氰酸盐,而肾功能不全者,药物半衰期延长,药物蓄积在体内,导致中毒。

Tips:

肾功能不全者应用超过48~72h,每天须测定血浆中氰化物或硫氰酸盐,保持硫氰酸盐不超过100 pg/mL、氰化物不超过3 umol/mL,若超过需停药。

可应用硝普钠的替代药非诺多泮,与硝普钠相比,非诺多泮降压更迅速,且患者的尿量、肌酐清除率、钠排量均高于硝普钠,因此更适用于肾功能不全的重症高血压者。

硝普钠是一把双刃剑,临床医生除关注治疗效果外,还应评估中毒风险,密切监测患者情况,根据具体情况进行剂量调整或其他处理。

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    2018-09-18 未来的心血管内科医生。

    学习了。

    0

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    2018-09-18 15938038573红旗飘飘

    已学习并已分享

    0

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    2018-09-17 liumin1987

    嗯嗯,学习了。

    0

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2017年9月,发表在《J Am Coll Cardiol》上的一项研究,调查了低梯度重度主动脉瓣狭窄(LGSAS)伴保留射血分数(EF)患者对硝普钠的急性血流动力学应答,研究结果表明:硝普钠可降低LGSAS伴保留EF患者的动脉后负荷和左心室充盈压,使得25%的患者重新分类为中度狭窄。

JACC:硝普钠可以改善重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的血流动力学水平

低梯度的重度主动脉瓣狭窄(LGSAS)伴保留型射血分数的病理机制尚未阐明,近日,在国际心血管权威杂志JACC上发表了一篇旨在硝普钠对LGSAS伴保留型射血分数患者的急性血流动力学影响的研究。本研究纳入了41例有临床症状的LGSAS伴保留型射血分数的患者(25例低血流[LF],SVI≤35 ml/m2;16例血流正常[NF]),并在接受硝普钠治疗前后对其血流动力学水平进行评估。在随访开始时,LF患者

曾庆平:二甲双胍,为何能成为长寿灵丹?

二甲双胍(metformin)是著名的降糖药,主要用来治疗2型糖尿病,但它对非酒精性脂肪肝病及癌症等多种人类疾病也有潜在治疗效果。更神奇的是,二甲双胍像热量限制一样能够延长生物的寿命,这已在线虫、大鼠和小鼠中得到证实。如此说来,二甲双胍堪称“神药”、“仙丹”! 6月2日,Science Daily网站报道了《美国科学院院报》(PNAS)刚刚在线发表的一篇最新论文,揭示二甲双胍通过“线粒体低毒

实用:泵药物的配置公式

        硝酸甘油 50mg + NS40ml 0.6ml/h (10ug/min)         硝普钠 50mg + NS 50ml 0.6ml/h (10ug/min)    

静注硝普钠都无效 如此顽固的高血压您见过吗?

女性40岁,以“高血压伴阵发性头痛4年、反复晕厥1年”于2004年9月6日入院。患者4年前(2000年)发现血压增高伴头痛,阵发性加剧,就诊于当地医院,测血压最高240/120mmHg,诊为“高血压”,口服卡托普利,普萘洛尔(具体不详),血压控制不良。1年前(2003年)无明显诱因症状加重,反复出现头痛、恶心、心悸,多次晕厥,于当地医院治疗效果欠佳,来我院急诊。

这些高血压不能用硝普钠,与硝酸甘油有差异!

高血压急症,指在短时间内血压严重升高,通常收缩压升高至180 mmHg和/或舒张压>120 mmHg。硝酸甘油和硝普钠,均属于血管扩张药,都可用于高血压急症,虽然同为「硝字辈」,但有许多不同。