Cell:视网膜中的细胞仍保留了古老的感光机制

2018-11-20 编译 严冰冰 审校 阿金 编辑 戚译引 科研圈

约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院(Johns Hopkins Medicine)研究人员发现,在现代小鼠的视网膜细胞中可能仍然存在一种十分古老的感光机制。

约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院(Johns Hopkins Medicine)研究人员发现,在现代小鼠的视网膜细胞中可能仍然存在一种十分古老的感光机制。

研究主导者游景威(King-Wai Yau)博士现任约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院神经科学教授、并在威尔默眼科研究所任眼科教授,他表示:“演化生物学家曾提出过一个假说:在古老的生物体内,一个光感受器细胞(photoreceptor)可能同时拥有两种独立的光响应机制,经过漫长的演化,这两种机制分别被纳入到不同类型的细胞中。而我们的研究发现,现代哺乳动物体内可能仍存在一类同时拥有两种感光机制的光感受器细胞。”这项研究以小鼠体内控制“非图像形成”视觉的光敏细胞为研究对象,最终成果发表于 10 月 18 日的《细胞》(Cell)期刊上。



图 2:人视网膜回路示意图。已知哺乳动物拥有三种光感受器细胞:视锥细胞(Cones)、视杆细胞(Rods)和内在光敏视网膜神经节细胞(ipRGC)。

游教授介绍:“人们往往会将视觉与‘看见图像’联系到一起,例如看见某人的脸。但其实,光还有其他的作用,例如强光会让瞳孔收缩以限制视网膜所接收的光强度,或是在跨时区旅行中帮助人们克服时差反应。”



图 3:ipRGC 及传统 RGC(视网膜神经节细胞)相关的行为学功能

游教授说,这种非图像形成视觉由内在光敏视网膜神经节细胞所控制,它是神经节细胞的一类亚群,缩写为 ipRGC。就像视锥细胞和视杆细胞一样,ipRGC 也是一类光感受器细胞,它共有五种亚型(M1~M5),几乎所有的哺乳动物视网膜组成中都有 ipRGC。



图4:ipRGC 五种亚型的位置与投射示意图。ipRGC 作为一类神经节细胞,位于视网膜的最里层。

为了理解 ipRGC 光响应过程中涉及的生化通路,游教授团队首先想到利用其他光感受器细胞的解剖结构作为参考。大部分光感受器细胞按解剖结构和光响应方式可分为两类:

(1)表面有纤毛(cilium)尾状结构,利用细胞内的环核苷酸进行光响应;

(2)表面有微绒毛(microvilli)簇状突起结构,利用磷脂酶 C 进行光响应。

目前,尚未发现这两条感光通路同时存在于同一个光感受器细胞中。

相比之下,ipRGC 既没有纤毛也没有微绒毛,因此研究者无法依据解剖结构判断它使用的光响应通路。而在 2011 年,游教授团队研究发现,M1 型 ipRGC 使用磷脂酶 C 通路(论文链接)。

目前,游教授团队主要关注 M2 型和 M4 型 ipRGC,研究这两种亚型是否使用与 M1 型 ipRGC 相同的生化通路。研究人员利用基因工程技术改造小鼠,删除了参与磷酯酶 C 通路的分子成分。如果 M2 型和 M4 型 ipRGC 也使用磷酯酶 C 通路的话,阻断该通路就会阻碍细胞的光响应能力。

然而,不论科学家如何干扰磷酯酶 C 通路,M4 型 ipRGC 的光响应能力和水平都不受影响,而 M2 型 ipRGC 的响应水平则是控制组的一半左右。因此,M4 型 ipRGC 看起来几乎不使用磷酯酶 C 通路,M2 型 ipRGC 可能部分使用该通路。

游教授实验室的助理研究员姜峥(音,Zheng Jiang)博士表示,“这个发现促使我们去寻找这些 ipRGC 可能使用的其他通路。”据姜峥描述,后来他们发现了一种涉及 HCN 通道的生化通路。HCN 通道全称“超极化激活和环核苷酸门控通道”(hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated channel),也存在于哺乳动物的心脏细胞中,它就像一个起搏器,具有调节心律的功能。当这条通路被中断时,M4 型 ipRGC 的内在光响应几乎完全被阻断,M2 型 ipRGC 被部分阻断。因此,M2 型 ipRGC 既使用磷酯酶 C 通路,也使用新发现的 HCN 通道通路,而 M4 型 ipRGC 似乎只使用 HCN 通路。



图 5:M1、M2 和 M4 型 ipRGC 的光传导通路

研究人员表示,M2 型 ipRGC 使用两条生化通路进行光响应,这一发现暗示了一种原始的关联性,让我们的思路回到了演化生物学家提出的假设:对最早的光感受器细胞而言,单个细胞可能同时拥有两种光响应机制。游教授认为,在人类的视网膜中很可能也存在这种现象。

约翰·霍普金斯大学医学院的研究人员余颖思(Wendy W.S. Yue)、陈麓静(Lujing Chen)、盛扬蕙(Yanghui Sheng)共同参与了这项研究。研究基金由美国国家卫生研究院(EY014596)、安东尼·查帕里玛德视觉奖(António Champalimaud Vision Award)、NARSAD 青年科学家奖金和 HHMI 国际研究生奖学金共同提供。

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    2019-04-08 维他命
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    2018-11-22 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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    2018-11-22 zutt
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1870999, encodeId=f47a18e09996b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Fri Oct 18 13:47:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961272, encodeId=ab8a19612e287, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Mon Apr 08 16:47:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=353395, encodeId=fe5d35339557, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Thu Nov 22 23:41:05 CST 2018, time=2018-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270138, encodeId=549512e0138be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Thu Nov 22 13:47:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=353279, encodeId=a3423532e93e, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0aa31415219, createdName=orangesking, createdTime=Wed Nov 21 21:07:36 CST 2018, time=2018-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=353229, encodeId=cfb235322969, content=学习知识了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Wed Nov 21 09:12:31 CST 2018, time=2018-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=353189, encodeId=52bf3531896c, content=学习了,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Tue Nov 20 23:16:48 CST 2018, time=2018-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-11-21 orangesking

    看看

    0

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    2018-11-21 flysky120

    学习知识了,谢谢

    0

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    2018-11-20 惠映实验室

    学习了,谢谢分享。

    0

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