如何看血常规化验单

2016-04-13 黄仲夏 搜狐健康

在血液内科实习中,不少医学生感觉血液病太抽象,进入血液科就如坠五里烟云,加之血液科实习时间短,往往时间一晃而过。 血液病最常见的症状主要是疾病影响红细胞、白细胞和血小板三系细胞后引起贫血、感染和出血,单从症状进行鉴别诊断较困难,故血液病的诊断较之其它内科专业更依赖实验室。。在诸多实验室检查中,血常规是血液科的人门检查,更是各种血液病的窗口,是血液病的诊断和疗效判定的重

在血液内科实习中,不少医学生感觉血液病太抽象,进入血液科就如坠五里烟云,加之血液科实习时间短,往往时间一晃而过。

血液病最常见的症状主要是疾病影响红细胞、白细胞和血小板三系细胞后引起贫血、感染和出血,单从症状进行鉴别诊断较困难,故血液病的诊断较之其它内科专业更依赖实验室。。在诸多实验室检查中,血常规是血液科的人门检查,更是各种血液病的窗口,是血液病的诊断和疗效判定的重要依据。

一、红细胞系统检查:

(一)血红蛋白(Hb):

正常值:男性为12-16 g/L,女性为11-15g/L。血红蛋白低于此值即为贫血,患者会出现头晕、乏力、失眠多梦等症状。贫血的种类有缺铁性贫血、巨幼细胞性贫血、再生障碍性贫血等,须结合临床表现和其它辅助检查综合诊断。

血红蛋白过高也并非好征兆,当多次检查Hb在男性高于18 g/L,女性高于17g/L,在排除慢性缺氧、肿瘤等引起的红细胞增多症后,须考虑真性红细胞增多症(PE)的诊断。该病可合并脑血栓、高血压,常将病人误诊为脑梗塞而收入神经内科病房。但患者结膜充血、口唇和颜面、手掌绛红等特征表现有利于与脑血管病鉴别诊断。

(二)红细胞平均体积(MCV):

正常值:80-100fL。贫血患者若MCV低于或高于此值须考虑小细胞低色素性贫血(最常见的疾病为缺铁性贫血)或巨幼细胞性贫血的诊断。

缺铁性贫血和巨幼细胞性贫血是血液科最常见的良性贫血,经规律治疗贫血可在2-3周纠正。诊断时须注意其特殊发病人群,如缺铁性贫血常见于胃炎、消化性溃疡、痔疮、子宫肌瘤或慢性失血病人,也见于生长旺盛期儿童或孕妇;巨幼细胞性贫血见于偏食者(进食蔬菜或肉蛋过少)或儿童、孕妇。这两类贫血若发生于老年患者,须收入院详细检查排除恶性肿瘤的病因。查出病因后,须对这两类贫血进行病因治疗。否则,贫血易复发。

(三)网织红细胞百分比(RET%):

正常值:0.5-1.5%。若患者RET增高合并贫血、黄疸,特别是间接胆红素增高须警惕溶血性贫血的存在,需行进一步的骨穿、酸溶血试验、抗人免疫球蛋白试验等检查以进一步明确是否有溶血性贫血的存在,其种类为阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿或自身免疫性溶血性贫血。

若患者RET降低合并全血细胞减少,临床查体肝脾淋巴结无肿大,需行骨穿、染色体、干细胞培养等检查,以确诊是否符合再生障碍性贫血的诊断。

二、白细胞数及百分比:

白细胞正常值:4.0-10.0×109/L,其中中性粒细胞占50-70%,淋巴细胞20-40%,中值细胞10%左右。

当白细胞数低于4.0×109/L,称为白细胞减少症;当白细胞数低于0.5×109/L, 称为粒细胞缺乏症。患者感乏力,且易发生感染。正常人发生上呼吸道病毒感染时,也易合并白细胞减少。

当白细胞数增高,且中性粒细胞比例大于70%,患者有发热等症状,需考虑细菌感染的诊断。此时的白细胞数增高为机体对病原微生物感染的代偿机制,而骨髓干细胞功能正常,可以发生类白血病反应,但白细胞数一般不超过50×109/L,主要是中性粒细胞增高为主。感染严重时,可发生核左移,外周血出现少量的杆状核粒细胞或晚幼粒细胞,与白血病不同。

当白细胞数增高(少数正常或降低),分类中中值细胞高于正常,需行白细胞人工分类。若发现原始细胞或早期幼稚细胞百分比增高,需警惕骨髓增生异常综合症(MDS)或急性白血病的诊断,幼稚细胞百分比超过20%,结合急性病程、发热、贫血、出血、肝脾淋巴结肿大的表现、骨髓染色体和免疫分型的检查以明确急性白血病。

当白细胞数增高,分类中中幼粒细胞和晚幼粒细胞增高为主,患者一般情况好,脾大明显,需注意慢性粒细胞白血病的诊断;若当白细胞数增高,分类中成熟淋巴细胞比例大于50%,患者一般情况好,淋巴结肿大,脾大明显,需注意慢性淋巴细胞白血病的诊断

三、血小板:

正常值:100-400×109/L。低于100×109/L,称为血小板减少症。当血小板低于20×109/L时,患者易出现内脏出血,应卧床休息,急诊室留观或收住院诊治。排除药物、病毒感染等继发因素、白血病、早期再生障碍性贫血的诊断外,若单纯血小板减少,血红蛋白、白细胞数正常,最常见的疾病为特发性血小板减少性紫癜的诊断,应结合骨髓和血小板抗体等检查明确诊断。

当血小板高于400×109/L,称为血小板增多症。血小板高于800-1000×109/L时,需考虑特发性血小板增多症的诊断。但要常规排除炎症、缺铁、肿瘤等继发因素。 因此,血常规正常值非常重要,高于或低于正常值均会导致不同的血液病。对医学生来说,熟记这些正常值并了解其临床意义可扩大视野,减少疾病的漏诊和误诊,逐步积累临床经验。

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    2017-02-03 wushaoling
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    2017-02-16 zzc2220
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    2016-04-14 李继凯

    学习了…

    0

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    2016-04-14 李继凯

    值得学习

    0

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    2016-04-14 hekzn

    学习了 长知识

    0

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