Elife:科学家发现开启免疫细胞强大肿瘤杀伤力的重要“开关”!

2017-08-17 枫丹白露 来宝网

由分子生物学家Leonid Pobezinsky和他的妻子及研究合作者Elena Pobezinskaya在马萨诸塞州阿默斯特大学出版,发表了一些结果,首次显示了一种称为“致命七号”(let-7)的微小RNA分子是如何作为分子控制中心通过将制动器放在其细胞杀伤活动上来指导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的功能。

由分子生物学家Leonid Pobezinsky和他的妻子及研究合作者Elena Pobezinskaya在马萨诸塞州阿默斯特大学出版,发表了一些结果,首次显示了一种称为“致命七号”(let-7)的微小RNA分子是如何作为分子控制中心通过将制动器放在其细胞杀伤活动上来指导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的功能。

此外,研究人员发现,当let-7水平低或不存在时,身体的T细胞可能潜在地变成“超级杀手”,Pobezinsky说。这一发现是追求身体自身免疫防御的一个重大进步,这种技术称为适应性免疫治疗。他补充说,它可能更有效地攻击致病因子,如侵入性癌症和慢性感染如艾滋病毒。详情现在出现在开放存取期刊eLife中。

如Pobezinsky解释说:“我们患癌症,因为CD8 T细胞并不总是有效的,癌症可以克服它们,我们的实验室研究调节T细胞的细胞毒效率的分子机制。他和他的同事报告说,在一小段microRNA中发现控制机制,只有20-30个核苷酸长,决定了T细胞在攻击疾病中的有效性。

他说:“这是非常有趣的,因为20多年前发现microRNAs时,人们以为它是RNA降解的产物,被认为是碎片,如灰尘,它们很小,没有人注意到它们。 “但从那时起,人们逐渐发现自己真正做了有意义的研究,我们的工作正在继续下去。”

由Pobezinskys领导的研究小组包括他的博士学生和第一作者亚历山大·威尔斯,马萨诸塞·阿默斯特分子生物学家米歇尔·马克斯坦(Michele Markstein)提供计算分析,以确定let-7目标以及let-7如何调节基因组,以及UMass医学院免疫学家Raymond Welsh,细胞毒性CD8 T细胞专家提供了病毒模型,用于在病毒存在的情况下测试分化。

Pobezinsky指出,通常RNA编码蛋白质,但microRNA不编码。

相反,在人类和哺乳动物中发现的这些小型RNA剪刀在整个基因组上都具有调节活性。此外,他指出:“被称为致死物7或let-7的特异性microRNA是一种非常古老的RNA,它存在于第一个真核生物中,并通过进化保守。人类和动物有多个基因,而不是通常的,只有最重要的基因在进化过程中被重复。

这一系列实验是由T细胞产生大量let-7分子的诱导引发的,当T细胞处于无活性状态而没有病原体存在时,“我们的T细胞充满了这些let-7细胞” Pobezinsky说。 “但是当他们看到抗原的那一刻,突然间的let-7消失了,所以问题是他们调整什么,为什么要消失?

研究人员假设,在存在microRNA let-7分子的情况下,T细胞是安静的,对于生物来说,这是免疫系统无效的安全条件。但是当感觉到威胁时,let-7分子消失,这使得T细胞变得具有功能性细胞毒性并能够清除病原体,包括肿瘤细胞。

Pobezinsky说:“我们的假设是正确的,实际上当没有抗原存在时,microRNAs可以作为细胞毒性T细胞的制动,所以当我们健康的时候,他们休息,一旦它们消失了,T细胞开始分化为细胞毒性T淋巴细胞。“为了杀死入侵者,T细胞将一种有毒的分子或颗粒酶注入癌症或病毒感染的细胞中,引发细胞凋亡或程序性细胞死亡。

在三组小鼠的实验中:野生型对照,经遗传修饰的小鼠不具有let-7,另一组被设计为具有超丰富的let-7,研究人员发现let-7完全不存在产生最强分化的T细胞杀伤状态。 “如果您保持let-7,即使在肿瘤或病毒存在下,T细胞也不会变得具有细胞毒性,”Pobezinsky说。 “如果你没有或几乎没有,T细胞功能增强,以前没有人知道这些。

他补充说:“我们还通过调节T细胞分化的转录因子来确定分子途径,并证实let-7 microRNA是最关键的控制。研究人员现在希望这可能导致调节由CD8细胞调节的免疫反应的能力,他们正在对小鼠肿瘤模型进行测试,以尝试使用该技术增强对肿瘤的免疫应答。

“我们希望开发一种抑制或增强免疫反应的方法,”Pobezinsky说。 “我们可能可以将其与适应性免疫治疗结合起来增强免疫功能,所以我们将使用一个人自己的T细胞,在体外治疗,然后放回超级杀伤T细胞来增强其免疫反应,这是非常有希望的,我 觉得从这个基础研究中脱颖而出是一个真正的可能性,并且立即得到应用,对于我们来说,为社会做这些有益的事非常非常重要。”

原始出处:Wells AC, Daniels KA, Angelou CC, et al. Modulation of let-7 miRNAs controls the differentiation of effector CD8 T cells.  Elife. 2017 Jul 24;6

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    2017-11-23 膀胱癌
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    2017-08-18 clmlylxy
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    2017-08-22 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2017-08-19 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

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    2017-08-18 luominglian113

    学习了,谢谢分享

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    2017-08-17 130****4638

    学习了谢谢分享

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