双侧膝关节人工关节置换术后相继感染1例

2019-10-11 张晨 宋国瑞 刘子歌 宁夏医科大学学报

患者,女性,62 岁,因“左膝关节置换术后疼痛半年,加重伴流脓1 月,右膝关节旷置术后疼痛伴活动受限2 月”入住宁夏医科大学总医院脊柱骨科。患者15 年前无诱因下出现双膝关节疼痛不适,2008 年患者自觉上述症状加重并出现双膝关节活动受限,至宁夏武警医院就诊,于2008 年6 月8 日行“左膝关节置换术”,2013 年12 月13 日于宁夏武警医院行“右侧人工膝关节置换术”。2016 年患者无明显

病历资料

患者,女性,62 岁,因“左膝关节置换术后疼痛半年,加重伴流脓1 月,右膝关节旷置术后疼痛伴活动受限2 月”入住宁夏医科大学总医院脊柱骨科。患者15 年前无诱因下出现双膝关节疼痛不适,2008 年患者自觉上述症状加重并出现双膝关节活动受限,至宁夏武警医院就诊,于2008 年6 月8 日行“左膝关节置换术”,2013 年12 月13 日于宁夏武警医院行“右侧人工膝关节置换术”。2016 年患者无明显诱因下出现右膝关节疼痛不适,伴红肿,无麻木,长期站立及行走后疼痛加重,休息有所缓解,遂就诊于宁夏武警医院,对症治疗后未见明显好转,随后一年内先后出现右膝关节皮肤破溃,伴流脓,2017 年6 月就诊于宁夏医科大学总医院,行“右膝关节旷置术”,术后患者右膝关节活动受限,2 月前出现右膝关节疼痛。半年前,患者自觉左膝关节出现疼痛,1 月前左膝关节内侧出现两处窦道,并有脓液流出。

入院检查:左膝关节外翻畸形,右膝关节内翻畸形。左膝关节见12CM 纵行陈旧性手术瘢痕,左侧膝关节肿胀伴皮温升高,膝关节内侧见2 处窦道形成;右膝关节表面见15CM 纵行陈旧性手术瘢痕,膝关节内侧见5CM 横行陈旧性手术瘢痕;双膝关节活动度差,左膝关节屈曲30°,伸直0°;右膝关节屈曲90°,伸直0°。双侧浮髌实验(-),半月板研磨试验(-),左侧侧方应力试验(+),抽屉实验(-),左膝关节按压痛(+),过伸痛(-),过屈痛(++);右侧侧方应力试验(-),抽屉实验(+),右膝关节按压痛(+),过伸痛(-),过屈痛(+)。双下肢髂腰肌、胫前肌、拇长伸肌、小腿三头肌肌力5 级,双侧股四头肌肌力4 级。左侧膝腱反射(+),右侧膝腱反射(-),双侧跟腱反射(++)。双下肢血运正常,足背动脉可触及。病理反射未引出。故对患者行双侧膝关节人工关节置换术。

手术过程(图1):麻醉成功后,取平卧位,右膝术区常规皮肤消毒,铺无菌单,右下肢屈曲后上气囊止血带。取右膝关节前正中切口,长约20CM,逐层切开皮肤、皮下、深筋膜,髌旁内侧入路切开关节囊,见大量淡黄色稀薄脓性液体涌出,取部分脓液及周围炎性组织送细菌培养,吸净关节液,向外侧脱位髌骨,显露膝关节,见关节周围大量灰黑色瘢痕及炎性增生组织,清理周围炎性组织。原股骨假体松动,依次取出股骨假体、胫骨骨水泥假体。股骨、胫骨两侧用电刀剔除关节周围瘢痕组织,并用刮匙刮除关节腔内增生组织及残余骨水泥。碘伏浸泡关节腔5 min,充分显露膝关节腔,双氧水、无菌生理盐水脉冲冲洗、清理骨床。选择合适的假体,测量股骨假体的大小为4 号,胫骨假体为14 号,由于胫骨端大量骨缺损,用4 块5mm 垫块垫厚约20mm。取40g 骨水泥,并各混入1g 万古霉素均匀搅拌,依次安放14 号胫骨假体、4 号股骨假体,并清理溢出骨水泥。伸直膝关节,垂直加压。修理髌骨,待骨水泥干燥后彻底冲洗关节,检查膝关节屈伸活动,检查关节稳定性,清点物品无缺,放置引流管一根,逐层缝合关闭切口。适当加压包扎,松止血带,术毕,送患者返回病房。



讨论

人工关节置换术后感染的发生与多种因素有关,如高龄、手术时间过长、引流时间过长、血清白蛋白水平低下、合并糖尿病等基础疾病均是人工关节置换术后感染的危险因素。一般认为,年龄偏高(≥65 岁)是术后发生医院感染的重要危险因素,对此国外也有文献报道。且随着年龄的增加,人体的生理机能逐渐衰退,多伴有糖尿病高血压等基础疾病,机体的免疫能力相对较差,所以更易发生感染。而本例患者年龄不高且无老年性基础疾病,却双侧全膝人工关节置换术后相继发生感染,感染后膝关节短时间内变形、松动,并形成窦道。

全膝关节翻修的目的是减少患者疼痛,改善关节功能,翻修的关节假体必须牢固,在结构上不同于膝关节置换假体。同时在手术过程中,要注意恢复膝关节的解剖结构,包括伸直、屈曲的间隙,髌骨与股骨、胫骨的连接必须恢复正常,关节力线的偏移也要尽量恢复,所以建议翻修术要及早进行。同时也要严格控制膝关节翻修术的手术指征:①股骨侧假体及胫骨平台假体松动及下沉导致的膝关节疼痛、膝关节变形;②假体严重磨损导致病理性骨折、关节腔内骨折;③术后发生细菌性感染,无论假体是否有松动,应尽早予以清创及返修;④进行性假体周围骨溶解、严重的骨质疏松;⑤术后意外暴力至假体周围骨折;⑥术后膝关节运动不畅,习惯性弹响或卡压;⑦膝关节周围严重异位骨化致功能障碍。

原始出处;

张晨,宋国瑞,刘子歌,陈德胜.双侧膝关节人工关节置换术后相继感染1例[J].宁夏医科大学学报,2019,41(06):647-648.

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