Nat Methods:利用CRISPR–Cas9组合筛选发现癌症弱点

2017-03-21 生物谷 生物谷

导致癌症的基因突变也会削弱癌细胞,从而使得人们有机会开发选择性地杀死它们同时不影响正常细胞的药物。这一概念被称作“合成致死性(synthetic lethality)”,这是因为这些药物仅对发生突变的(或者说合成的)细胞是致命性的。在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校、加州大学旧金山分校

导致癌症的基因突变也会削弱癌细胞,从而使得人们有机会开发选择性地杀死它们同时不影响正常细胞的药物。这一概念被称作“合成致死性(synthetic lethality)”,这是因为这些药物仅对发生突变的(或者说合成的)细胞是致命性的。在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校、加州大学旧金山分校、斯坦福大学和癌细胞图谱项目(Cancer Cell Map Initiative)的研究人员开发出一种新的方法来寻找合成致死性的基因组合。这种方法为癌症药物开发提供120个新的机会。相关研究结果于2017年3月20日在线发表在Nature Methods期刊上,论文标题为“Combinatorial CRISPR–Cas9 screens for de novo mapping of genetic interactions”。

加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学院博士后研究员和临床讲师John Paul Shen博士说,“卵巢癌药物奥拉帕尼(olaparib)的作用机制就是合成致死性---当BRCA基因发生突变时,它抑制另一种发生突变的基因,从而仅杀死卵巢癌细胞。很多其他的癌症可能也类似地按照这种方式加以治疗,但是我们迄今为止并不知道哪些基因突变组合是合成致死性的。”Shen、加州大学圣地亚哥分校雅各布工程学院博士后研究员Dongxin Zhao博士和加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学院计算生物学家Roman Sasik博士都是这篇论文的共同第一作者。

为了克服这个限制,这些研究人员开发出一种新方法:利用基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9同时测试上千种合成致死性相互作用。CRISPR/Cas9的工作机制是:科学家们设计一种“向导RNA(gRNA)”匹配细胞中的一种特定的靶基因序列。这种gRNA引导Cas9酶到这个所需的位点上,在那里,它切割这种DNA序列。细胞能够修复这种DNA断裂,但是它不能准确地修复这种断裂,因而让这个基因失活。

在这项研究中,这些研究人员设计出含有两种gRNA的CRISPR/Cas9系统:(1)一种gRNA靶向一个肿瘤抑制基因,该基因经常在癌症中发生突变;(2)另一种gRNA靶向一个也能够被一种癌症药物破坏的基因。他们在三种实验室细胞系---人宫颈癌细胞、肺癌细胞和胚胎肾细胞---中,利用这种系统靶向所有的73对癌基因,总共141,912种癌基因组合。他们随后测量了细胞生长和死亡。

这种方法揭示出120多种合成致死性相互作用。

论文共同通信作者、加州大学圣地亚哥分校医学院教授、加州大学圣地亚哥分校计算生物学中心创始人、癌细胞图谱项目联合主任Trey Ideker博士说,“以这种方式鉴定潜在的基因相互作用能够揭示出基因间重要的功能性关系。这接着会影响我们对生物系统的基本理解和药物开发。”

这些研究人员鉴定出的很多基因相互作用仅对这三种测试的细胞系中的一种细胞是合成致死性的。这意味着合成致死性相互作用可能在不同类型的癌症中是不同的。他们说,这将是未来药物开发的一种重要的考量因素。

论文共同通信作者、加州大学圣地亚哥分校雅各布工程学院助理教授Prashant Mali博士说,“接下来,我们想要进一步优化我们的技术平台,让它变成更加强健。我们正在扩大我们的癌症基因网络,这样我们就能够系统性地鉴定新的组合疗法。”

原始出处:

John Paul Shen,Dongxin Zhao,Roman Sasik,et al.Combinatorial CRISPR-Cas9 screens for de novo mapping of genetic interactions.Nature Methods.

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    2018-01-04 一闲
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    2017-11-04 liye789132251
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    2017-03-23 yuandd
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    2017-03-23 heli0118
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    2017-03-23 yaanren

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