肺癌早筛哪个强:是旧爱低剂量螺旋CT?还是新宠液体活检?

2018-07-06 Gsdtom 转化医学网

肺癌已经多年蝉联威胁世界人口健康的肿瘤界第一杀手! 1、传统检测PK 2、七种武器 3、新希望:液体活检


导  读

肺癌已经多年蝉联威胁世界人口健康的肿瘤界第一杀手!

1、传统检测PK
2、七种武器
3、新希望:液体活检

国家认定中心2016年公布的数字,2015年新发癌症430万,肺癌达73.3万,约占1/6。同年死于癌症的超过了219万,肺癌有61万。也就是说,3个因肿瘤死亡的人里面,大约1个就是肺癌。据2017年中国防癌协会统计,肺癌2017年在中国的发病率有80万病历,死亡率2017年也达到了70万,发病率跟死亡率是如此接近,几乎新发一个,同时死亡一个。肺癌已经成为我们国家城镇居民死亡的一个主要原因。

可怕的是,肺癌夺人性命的步伐,并没有减缓。肺癌发病率正以每年26.9%的速度增长,预计到2025年,我国每年仅死于肺癌的人数将接近100万人。

步步紧逼,我们该如何反击?

1传统检测哪个强?

临床上常采用的方法包括痰液检测、X线拍片、低剂量螺旋CT和血清肿瘤标志物检测。

痰液普查包括痰细胞学检查、痰免疫标记、痰PCR技术等。取材方便、无创,易于被病人接受,但其检查受多种因素影响,敏感性及特异性不高,更适合累及大支管的肿瘤,此时痰中容易发现脱落的癌细胞,但不难理解,对于外围型肺癌阳性率就很低了。

至于长期用于筛查肺癌的X线平片,事实证明我们这么多年对它的信赖有可能被辜负,就如同世界杯上的“大乌龙”。由于分辨率的限制,对于1cm以下的病灶常常不能发现,即使发现了也很难定性。一组5483例的普查对照,CT发现的病灶,87%在X片上无法发现!美国一项入组154091个病例、持续16年的研究证实,每年胸片检查“即不能提升肺癌检出率,也不能降低被检者死亡率,且对肺癌发现时的分期和组织类型无影响”。我并不少听见病人的困惑和愤怒:“我怎么得了肺癌,今年刚刚体检过啊!?”但是随着CR(计算机摄影)、DR(计算机数字摄影)的普遍应用以及CAD(计算机辅助检测和诊断系统)的应用,病灶阳性发现率越来越高。将来或许会扭转不佳形象。

胸片差强人意,胸透就不要凑热闹了吧。

癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角质片断抗原21-1(CYFRA21-1)、鳞癌抗原(SCCAG)、组织多肽抗原(TPA)、神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、肌酸磷酸激酶-BB(CPK-BB)等血清肿瘤标志物,临床也很常用。但由于不同细胞类型肺癌的免疫标记物常常不同,甚至同一细胞类型的肺癌不同个体差别很大,目前很难找到共性的免疫标记物;目前技术正在发展和完善阶段,各家报道的数据差别也很大,所以至今尚无可靠的标记物可以用于大规模普查。 

传统检测,大多无法扛起红旗,那硕果仅存的CT行吗?

2011年,由美国国家癌症研究院发起的全美肺癌筛查计划(NLST)在《新英格兰医学杂志》上发表了一篇 《降低肺癌死亡率与低剂量CT筛查》的文章。该研究由全美33家医学中心参与,历时8年多,入组病例53454例,结论是低剂量CT筛查相比胸片检出率高,可以降低被检者肺癌死亡率20%。2012年4月,美国国家癌症网发布了《肺癌筛查指南》,推荐对年龄在55~74岁且有较长吸烟史的人群,都应该进行低剂量CT肺癌筛查。

再算一笔经济账。一位晚期肺癌病人,花费数十万元甚至更多,也只能多存活3个月到1年。人财两空,家庭和社会都是沉重负担。曾经碰到一位中年人,晚上气促看急诊,什么都不说,只要求吸氧。拒绝了医生收治的建议。医生不同意,僵持之下,病人说了一句话,让医生无言以对,“医生,我得的是肺癌,花再多的钱,我知道也留不住人。我不想走后给家里留下一屁股债。拿笔来吧,我签字,死了和你无关。”那个急诊的夜晚,病人消失在夜幕中以后,再也没有出现。

如果只需要花费数万元就能让病人存活5年、10年、20年甚至更长。这样悲伤的故事无疑会少很多。 

《指南》无疑是肺癌筛查的里程碑。多年的争论终于尘埃落定。

2七种武器迎战肺小结节

然而,随着胸部CT的广泛应用,临床遇到的肺内小结节越来越多,低剂量螺旋CT针对肺小结节高达96%假阳性。另外,持续的CT暴露有可能诱发第二肿瘤。多种未知风险因素,促使美国将胸部CT筛查限制在50岁以上重度男性吸烟的人群。

50岁以下的重度男性吸烟者与美国女性怎么办?新的希望在哪里?

同济大学附属上海市肺科医院周彩存教授带领的研究团队开展了肺小结节前瞻性随防,发现肺癌七种自身抗体谱对于8毫米以下肺部小结节与8毫米以上肺小结节,对于实性结节、半实性结节与磨玻璃结节都有90%以上高特异性。如果肺小结节人群七种肺癌自身抗体谱指标阳性,提示微小病灶有肿瘤侵袭的可能。如果将胸部CT与肺癌七种自身抗体谱联合,诊断肺癌的阳性预测值可达95.0%。

2015年,国家食品药品监督管理局批准了该技术试剂盒用于早期肺癌检测。

强强联手,七种武器搭配CT,曝光肺小结节真实身份,肺癌无处遁形。

3新希望:液体活检

近年来液体活检问世,为肺癌的精准诊断和个体化治疗带来了新的希望。

液体活检通过检测体液(包含外周血,其次还有唾液、尿液、胸腹腔积液等)中的循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)、循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)、循环肿瘤RNA(ctRNA)、外泌体等肿瘤来源的生物标志物。Ⅱ~Ⅳ期NSCLC患者ctDNA检出率为100%,但是I期仅有50%的患者被检出。ctDNA中的EGFR基因容易发生T790M耐药性突变。NSCLC患者血浆中ctDNA一旦检测出KRAS突变,预示着该患者有着不良的预后,有更短的生存期和无疾病进展生存期,而且KRAS基因的突变状态也跟吉非替尼的治疗疗效相关。

这种相对无创的方式,动态反馈肺癌的进展,为肺癌的早期诊断、分型分期、病情评估、疗效跟踪、预后预测等提供了一种简便快捷的手段。

4时间才是终极法宝

国际早期肺癌合作研究组于2006年在《新英格兰医学杂志》上发表的研究结果显示,临床Ⅰ期肺癌的10年生存率可达88%,而经过手术治疗的Ⅰ期病例的10年生存率则达到92%。

但早期肺癌基本上没有临床表现,出现症状被查出的肺癌85%以上都是中晚期,5年生存率仅仅10%。

无论是旧爱低剂量螺旋CT,还是血清抗体谱,抑或新宠液体活检,都需要个体本身珍爱生命,早期体检。

时间,才是对抗肺癌的终极法宝。

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    2018-07-08 smlt2008
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    2018-07-08 nakerunner
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    2018-07-07 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-07-07 122d508am87暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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