JAMA:头孢曲松耐药的大肠/肺克菌血流感染:哌拉西林-他唑巴坦无法替代碳青霉烯

2018-10-23 吴星 环球医学

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的革兰氏阴性细菌,是一个严重的全球性公共卫生问题。根据2011年美国的监测数据,美国疾病控制和预防中心估计,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌每年导致至少26000例感染、1700例死亡。

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的革兰氏阴性细菌,是一个严重的全球性公共卫生问题。根据2011年美国的监测数据,美国疾病控制和预防中心估计,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌每年导致至少26000例感染、1700例死亡。

据悉,超广谱β-内酰胺酶能够介导大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对第三代头孢菌素类药物(如头孢曲松)的耐药。这些菌株造成的严重感染,常需使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物,进而潜在导致选择性碳青霉烯类药物耐药。哌拉西林-他唑巴坦或可有效改善产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的产生,或是一种减少碳青霉烯类药物使用的治疗选择。

2018年9月,发表在《JAMA》的一项非劣效性、平行组、随机临床研究,旨在确定在头孢曲松不敏感的大肠杆菌或肺炎克雷伯菌引起的血流感染患者中,哌拉西林-他唑巴坦针对性治疗是否非不劣于美罗培南(一种碳青霉烯类抗菌药物)。

该项研究纳入了9个国家26个地区2014年2月~2017年7月的住院患者。患者的入组标准为,至少一次对头孢曲松不敏感,但对哌拉西林-他唑巴坦敏感的大肠杆菌或肺炎克雷伯菌血液培养结果阳性的成年人。筛选了1646名患者,391人纳入到研究中。

按照1:1的比例,随机分配患者到静脉哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(4.5g,每6小时一次,188人)或美罗培南(1g,每8小时一次,191人)组。两组最少治疗4天,最多14天,由治疗医生确定总疗程。

主要结局指标为随机分组后30天全因死亡率。非劣效性边缘为5%。

随机分组的379名患者(平均66.5岁,女性47.8%),至少接受一次研究药物,纳入到主要分析人群中,378人(99.7%)完成试验并评估了主要结局。

总共23/187名随机分配到哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的患者(12.3%)实现30天死亡率的主要结局,美罗培南组为7/191人(3.7%)(风险差,8.6%,非劣效性P=0.90)。按方案人群分析中,有效性一致。哌拉西林-他唑巴坦组和美罗培南组分别有5/188(2.7%)和3/191(1.6%)人发生非致命性严重不良事件。

作者认为,头孢曲松耐药的大肠杆菌或肺炎克雷伯菌血流感染患者,与美罗培南相比,哌拉西林-他唑巴坦针对性治疗在30天死亡率方面不具备非劣效性。结果不支持在这种情况下使用哌拉西林-他唑巴坦。

但由于该研究存在研究入组需经过主治医生同意、非盲法设计、地域局限性等局限性,可能出现各种偏倚,从而影响最终结果及可推广性。

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