重症肺炎抗菌药物怎么选?|指南解读

2016-11-14 风风 医学界呼吸频道

目前许多国家制定了重症CAP(社区获得性肺炎)诊断标准,虽有所不同,但均注重肺部病变的范围、器官灌注和氧合状态。下面就重症CAP的诊断标准和抗生素的使用做一介绍。我国重症CAP诊断标准如下1. 意识障碍2. 呼吸频率>30次/分3. PaO2<60mmHg、PaO2/FiO2<300,需机械通气治疗。4. 血压<90/60 mmHg5. 胸片显示双侧或多肺叶受累,或入院 48小时内病变扩大 ≥50

目前许多国家制定了重症CAP(社区获得性肺炎)诊断标准,虽有所不同,但均注重肺部病变的范围、器官灌注和氧合状态。下面就重症CAP的诊断标准和抗生素的使用做一介绍。


我国重症CAP诊断标准如下


1. 意识障碍


2. 呼吸频率>30次/分


3. PaO2<60mmHg、PaO2/FiO2<300,需机械通气治疗。


4. 血压<90/60 mmHg


5. 胸片显示双侧或多肺叶受累,或入院 48小时内病变扩大 ≥50%。


6. 少尿:尿量<20 ml/h,或<80 ml/4 h,或急性肾衰竭需要透析治疗。


CAP常见的致病原


1. 门诊治疗患者:肺炎链球菌、肺炎支原体、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎衣原体、呼吸道病毒。


2. 普通病房患者:肺炎链球菌、肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、流感嗜血杆菌、嗜肺军团菌、吸入性细菌、呼吸道病毒。


3. ICU患者:肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜肺军团菌、G-杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌。


CAP的抗菌药物治疗


(一)推荐根据患者病情严重程度进行分级的经验性治疗


1. 重症CAP应联合用药,同时应注意某些特殊感染的罹患诱因。


2. CAP为混合感染,不推荐针对某单一病原体进行治疗。


3. 防止细菌耐药发生,当存在多种选择时,推荐使用最强抗生素组合。


4. 治疗开始的时间与患者预后相关,过长、过短都有不利影响。


5. 抗生素治疗应在明确诊断、充分分析病情严重程度等后及时开始。


6. 对于住院患者、推荐在急诊室立即开始治疗CAP。


(二)非ICU病房住院患者


1. 喹诺酮类。


2. β-内酰胺类+大环内酯类药物(头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、氨苄西林)。


3. 厄他培南适用于有指针的患者,多西环素可替代大环内酯类,对青霉素过敏患者应使用喹诺酮。


4. 根据患者既往用药历史选择。


(三)ICU住院患者


1. β-内酰胺类药物+阿奇霉素或氟喹诺酮(青霉素过敏者推荐喹诺酮和氨曲南)。


2. 针对假单胞菌属感染使用同时具备抗肺炎链球菌及假单胞菌活性的β-内酰胺类(哌拉西林-他唑巴坦,头孢比肟、亚胺培南、或美罗培南)+环丙或左氧氟沙星;或+氨基糖苷类+阿奇霉素;或+氨基糖苷类+抗肺炎链球菌的氟喹诺酮类(对青霉素过敏患者,用氨曲南替代β-内酰胺类药物)。


3. 对社区获得性MRSA感染,加万古霉素或利奈唑胺。


(四)迟发性HAP(医院获得性肺炎)、VAP(气管插管后48-72小时发生的肺炎)治疗选用广谱抗生素


抗假单胞菌头孢菌素、抗假单胞菌碳氢酶烯类(泰能)、β-内酰胺类/β-内酰胺类酶抑制剂和氟喹诺酮或氨基糖苷类。


重症肺炎的降阶梯治疗


起始即用足够广谱、足量的抗生素治疗,以覆盖所有可能的致病菌;抗菌药物的降级调整以若干天后的细菌培养、药敏结果及临床转归为依据,这种抗菌治疗策略被称为“降阶梯治疗”。其目的是在短暂的治疗窗内迅速彻底地杀灭高危致病菌,防止诱导耐药,缩短病程、促进临床康复。不仅要根据药敏结果选择窄谱抗生素,也要有效的控制治疗的疗程。


需要注意的是在采用降阶梯治疗应考虑一下因素:


1. 患者的特点:根据感染部位,感染严重程度,医生对疾病恶化及死亡危险性的评估,选择经验性治疗方案。


2. 当地细菌药敏和流行病学资料:根据药敏结果选择能覆盖所有致病菌的经验性治疗方案。


3. 起始抗生素治疗的剂量及疗程:选择对感染部位组织穿透性较好且具有很好耐受性的抗生素进行早期经验性治疗。


4. 联合治疗和单药治疗:开始选择的抗生素应能充分覆盖所有可能致病菌,避免耐药性发生,必要时联合用药以起到协同作用。


重症肺炎抗生素治疗的时限


ATS/IDSA指南:


1. 常规的抗生素治疗时间为7天。


2. 铜绿假单胞菌治疗时间为14-21天。


3. VAP患者在接受正确的抗生素治疗的6天内会出现明显的临床效果。


亚洲HAP学组的共识:


1. 初始经验治疗时间为7-14天。


2. 如果证实存在MDR病原体,治疗时间可延长至14天;治疗期间,需要经常评估患者的反应,根据患者情况酌情减量。

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    2016-12-06 登高远望

    现在流行,好好学习

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    2016-11-16 lhlxtx
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    2016-11-16 忠诚向上

    好好学习

    0