医源性砷中毒致砷角化病、多发鳞状细胞癌及鲍恩病 1 例

2019-07-29 吴在永 秦铮 李晓康 临床皮肤科杂志

患者男,55 岁。因全身多发性肿物伴破溃及结痂 17 年,于 2013 年 7 月 31 日就诊于我院。患者既往银 屑病病史 30 年,曾多次在当地诊所诊治,予口服含雄 黄的中药治疗。全身皮肤逐渐出现弥漫性色素沉着,皮 损逐渐变厚,弹性较差,以掌跖部明显,伴多个硬性结 节,近 1 年部分结节生长较快,破溃及结痂。门诊行组织 病理检查示鳞状细胞癌(SCC),故收治入院。家族中无 类似疾病患者。

1 病历摘要

患者男,55 岁。因全身多发性肿物伴破溃及结痂 17 年,于 2013 年 7 月 31 日就诊于我院。患者既往银 屑病病史 30 年,曾多次在当地诊所诊治,予口服含雄 黄的中药治疗。全身皮肤逐渐出现弥漫性色素沉着,皮 损逐渐变厚,弹性较差,以掌跖部明显,伴多个硬性结 节,近 1 年部分结节生长较快,破溃及结痂。门诊行组织 病理检查示鳞状细胞癌(SCC),故收治入院。家族中无 类似疾病患者。 体格检查:各系统检查均正常。皮肤科检查:全身 皮肤弥漫性色素沉着,部分有色素脱失(图 1A);掌跖 部皮肤角化增厚,密集米粒至指甲大角化斑块,中央略 凹陷(图 1B);左手腕部乳头瘤样改变,质地坚实,上覆 黑色痂皮(图 1C);左足跟(图 1D)、左下肢(图 1E)及 左侧鱼际部可见褐色斑块,最大者 2.4 cm×2.3 cm,基 底红,边界不清,质地坚实,左腋下触及增大淋巴结。 实验室及辅助检查:前列腺特异性抗原 4.5 μg/L (正常值<4 μg/L,以下同),尿砷 0.107 μmol/L(<0.084 μmol/L),血常规、凝血常规、血生化检查、心电图、胸部 X 射线检查、双腋下及双侧腹股沟彩超均正常。 术前皮损组织病理检查:(左侧腕部)SCC;(左手 鱼际部)表皮棘层细胞增生明显,局部见异形细胞及病 理性核分裂象,提示鳞状细胞原位癌;(左下肢)鳞状上 皮重度不典型增生。术后组织病理检查示(左手鱼际部) 表皮角化不全,棘层增厚,局部见核大、深染的异形细胞, 胞质空泡化,局部见病理性核分裂象,符合鳞状上皮原 位癌(鲍恩病)(图 2A);(左足跟、左手腕部及左下肢) 鳞状细胞不典型增生形成癌巢,可见角珠,个别细胞核大 深染,可见病理性核分裂象(图 2B~D),符合高分化 SCC。 左腋下淋巴结组织病理检查:高分化 SCC,可见鳞状细 胞癌巢,角化珠形成(图 2E);部分细胞可见多核、巨核 和有丝分裂象(图 2F)。诊断:砷角化病、SCC 及鲍恩病。 治疗:入院后予手术治疗,切缘距肿物扩大约1.0~ 2.0 cm,术中快速组织病理检查示切缘未见肿瘤细胞。 左侧腕部肿物切除后予全厚皮片移植,其他肿物切除 后直接缝合,术后组织病理检查示 SCC 及鲍恩病。术 后 16 个月,患者掌跖部再次出现多处角化斑块,部分 伴破溃渗出,左腋下一鸽卵大结节,活动度尚可,轻度 触压痛。全身正电子发射型计算机断层显像(PET)-CT 示左侧腋窝高代谢淋巴结,考虑淋巴结转移癌。患者 再次入院,掌跖部皮损予手术切除,同时行左腋窝淋 巴结清扫。术后组织病理检查示 SCC、砷角化病及鲍 恩病。目前患者仍在密切随访中。



A:全身皮肤弥漫性色素沉着,部分有色素脱失;B:掌跖部皮肤角化增厚,密集角化斑块,中央略凹陷;C:左手鱼际部境界清楚 的不规则斑块,腕部乳头瘤样改变,上覆黑色痂皮;D:左侧足跟斑块,中央可见溃疡,边缘隆起;E:左下肢褐色斑块,上覆痂皮 图 1 医源性砷中毒致砷角化病、多发鳞状细胞癌及鲍恩病患者躯干及四肢皮损



A: (左侧鱼际部)表皮角化不全,棘层增厚,局部见核大、深染的异型细胞,胞质空泡化,局部见病理性核分裂象,符合鳞状上皮 原位癌(×200);B~D:鳞状细胞不典型增生形成癌巢,可见角珠,个别细胞核大深染,可见病理性核分裂象(B~D: ×200);E:(左 腋下淋巴结)高分化鳞状细胞癌,可见鳞状细胞癌巢,角化珠形成(×100);F:部分细胞可见多核、巨核和有丝分裂象(×200) 图 2 医源性砷中毒致砷角化病、多发鳞状细胞癌及鲍恩病患者皮损及腋下淋巴结组织病理像(HE 染色)

2 讨 论

砷元素以微量的形式广泛分布于食物和水中, 其 三价无机砷是一种人体致癌剂, 如果无机砷在体内蓄 积过多或一次性接触较大剂量的砷制剂均有可能引 起皮肤角化和皮肤癌。砷中毒患者接触砷制剂主要有 3 种途径:职业性、医源性及水源性[1]。砷剂进入人体后 抑制巯基而使酪氨酸酶的活性增加,因而可产生较多 的黑素,形成色素沉着斑,称为砷黑变病[2]。 慢性砷中毒的诊断依靠临床表现及实验室检查, 皮损表现包括黑素沉着、角化及皮肤肿瘤等。砷角化 病是慢性砷中毒的皮肤症状之一,其损害主要发生于 掌跖部,可表现为点状角化、鸡眼状角化、疣状角化、 皮角及角化斑(丘)疹,其次还有汗孔角化病样、老年 疣状、苔藓样、毛囊炎样及毛细扩张样等。本病组织病 理特点为表皮角化过度,真皮上部有慢性炎性细胞浸 润[2-3]。本例患者系农民,无职业性接触高砷物质,其妻 及子女均无类似疾病,可排除职业及水源性因素。通 过银屑病病史、长期服用含雄黄类药物史、典型皮肤 表现及实验室检查结果,本例患者诊断为医源性砷中 毒所致砷角化病。 砷角化病有一定癌变率,最常见砷诱导的皮肤肿 瘤包括鲍恩病、基底细胞癌及 SCC[3]。角化病和砷诱导的鲍恩病通常持续多年,进展为侵袭性 SCC 的概率较 低,但侵袭性 SCC 恶性程度较高,通常于局部形成溃 疡,并可导致远处转移。本例患者左腋下淋巴结肿瘤考 虑由左腕部 SCC 转移所致。 砷诱导的角化和恶性肿瘤发病机制尚未明确。目 前已提出几种砷诱导肿瘤的机制,包括染色体的异常 变化、氧化应激的产生、DNA 修复的异常改变、p53 基 因突变、基因扩增及生长因子的改变,从而加快细胞增殖速度并促进癌变[4]。砷可影响细胞的信号转导通路 并作用于转录因子,从而调节细胞的增殖、分化以及 凋亡相关基因的表达[5-6]。Liao 等[7]指出在砷诱导的鲍 恩病患者中,皮肤及系统免疫功能均受到影响。砷可 选择性通过肿瘤坏死因子(NF-κB)途径抑制 CD4+细 胞,从而减少外周血的 CD4+细胞百分比;同时砷可能 通过增加胶质细胞 FasL 途径的表达而产生皮肤的免 疫忽视,并减弱皮肤角质形成细胞(HaCaT)抗氧化能力,产生特征性的临床表现[8]。 慢性砷中毒和砷角化病的治疗,应包括定期做全 面的检查[9],局部治疗包括手术切除及冷冻等。口服阿维 A 可减轻砷角化病症状并减少基底细胞癌的发生[9]。而 对于浅表的肿瘤及癌前病变也可给予光动力治疗, 其 优点在于安全及创伤小。对于已经恶变的患者,手术切 除仍是首选方法之一。本例患者采用局部手术扩大切 除及转移淋巴结清扫,术后切口愈合良好,随访至今约 2 年无新发皮损,仍随访中。 本例提示银屑病患者应去正规医疗机构规范治 疗,而临床医生应加强对银屑病患者规范治疗的宣教, 以避免医源性损伤。对既往使用过或正在使用含砷药 物治疗银屑病的患者应告知其危害性,加强自我保护 意识。而已发生砷角化病患者应注意皮肤保护,尽量避 免长时间暴露于紫外线强的环境中,避免过度物理、机 械及化学性刺激,以减少恶变发生的可能,做好相应预 防措施。一旦砷角化病发生癌变应及早行手术切除。

参考文献略。

原始出处:

吴在永,秦 铮,李晓康,刘腾飞等,医源性砷中毒致砷角化病、多发鳞状细胞癌及鲍恩病 1 例[J],临床皮肤科杂志,2018 ,47(11):727-730.

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    2019-11-22 anan
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    2019-07-31 mashirong
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005276, encodeId=3c2520052e61a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2bde3496ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#砷中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73496, encryptionId=b2bde3496ac, topicName=砷中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=236b481, createdName=anan, createdTime=Fri Nov 22 06:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1978872, encodeId=570719e8872fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b90e79787f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77978, encryptionId=3b90e79787f, topicName=细胞癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e457184, createdName=qingting, createdTime=Fri Aug 02 00:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1319117, encodeId=d5ae131911ece, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=14d92231508' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22315, encryptionId=14d92231508, topicName=中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 11:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1595982, encodeId=52a11595982cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=07bfe3495f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#砷#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73495, encryptionId=07bfe3495f1, topicName=砷)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=863418313756, createdName=lishizhe, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 11:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1623592, encodeId=90141623592ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a323909163b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#角化病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90916, encryptionId=a323909163b, topicName=角化病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=10a720562694, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 11:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-07-31 lishizhe
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005276, encodeId=3c2520052e61a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2bde3496ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#砷中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73496, encryptionId=b2bde3496ac, topicName=砷中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=236b481, createdName=anan, createdTime=Fri Nov 22 06:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1978872, encodeId=570719e8872fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b90e79787f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77978, encryptionId=3b90e79787f, topicName=细胞癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e457184, createdName=qingting, createdTime=Fri Aug 02 00:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1319117, encodeId=d5ae131911ece, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=14d92231508' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22315, encryptionId=14d92231508, topicName=中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 11:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1595982, encodeId=52a11595982cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=07bfe3495f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#砷#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73495, encryptionId=07bfe3495f1, topicName=砷)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=863418313756, createdName=lishizhe, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 11:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1623592, encodeId=90141623592ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a323909163b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#角化病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90916, encryptionId=a323909163b, topicName=角化病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=10a720562694, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Wed Jul 31 11:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]