NEJM:嵌合抗原受体修饰的T淋巴细胞治疗急性白血病获得突破

2013-12-13 shumufeng NEJM

2013年3月25日的《新英格兰医学杂志》(NEJM)杂志上报道了费城儿童医学院和宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员的一项成果,两名患有侵袭性白血病的儿童在接受一种新型的细胞治疗后病情获得了完全缓解。CD19特异性嵌合抗原受体修饰的T细胞给慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL) 治疗带来希望。但CD19特异性嵌合抗原受体修饰的T细胞治疗急性淋巴细胞性白血病的临床活性如何还未予评估。两例患有复发性难治性前B细胞A

2013年3月25日的《新英格兰医学杂志》(NEJM)杂志上报道了费城儿童医学院和宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员的一项成果,两名患有侵袭性白血病的儿童在接受一种新型的细胞治疗后病情获得了完全缓解。

CD19特异性嵌合抗原受体修饰的T细胞给慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL) 治疗带来希望。但CD19特异性嵌合抗原受体修饰的T细胞治疗急性淋巴细胞性白血病的临床活性如何还未予评估。两例患有复发性难治性前B细胞ALL接受了抗CD19抗体改造的T细胞和T细胞信号分子(CTL019嵌合抗原受体T细胞)治疗,剂量为1.4×106至1.2×107 CTL019细胞每千克体重。在两例患者体内,CTL019 T细胞的数量均增长至输入值的1000倍,且这些细胞在骨髓中的存在也得到鉴定。

此外,研究者在脑脊液(CSF)中也发现了嵌合抗原受体修饰的T细胞,在至少6个月的时间里都保持了高水平存在。治疗中发现8项3级或4级不良反应事件发生。两例患者均出现了细胞因子释放综合征和B细胞发育不全。其中一例患者发生严重性细胞因子释放综合征,依那西普和tocilizumab引起的细胞因子阻滞对于逆转这一综合征是有效的,且不会妨碍嵌合抗原受体修饰的T细胞数量扩增或减少抗白血病效应。两例患者均完全缓解,其中一例效果保持至治疗后11个月。另一例患者发生复发,治疗约2个月后体内母细胞不再表达CD19。嵌合抗原受体修饰的T细胞在体内可杀死侵袭性、治疗抵抗性急性白血病细胞。

文章作者说,不再表达靶标分子的肿瘤细胞的出现意味着对于某些ALL患者,我们需要寻找CD19之外的其他靶标分子。

一名患者是7岁的Emily Whitehead,去年12月曾对她进行过专门报道。这名小女孩患有急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL),她在常规治疗复发后接受了实验性治疗,病情得到了显著缓解。现在在她接受生物工程T细胞治疗11个月后,Emily仍然健康,无癌症迹象。另一名患者是个10岁的小女孩,在接受相同的治疗后其病情也得到了完全缓解。尽管两个月后,她再度复发,但体内的白血病细胞似乎并不包含治疗所靶向的特异性细胞受体。

论文的共同第一作者、费城儿童医院Stephan A. Grupp博士说:“这项研究描述了这些细胞如何在儿童体内发挥了有效的抗癌效应。不过,我们也了解到对于某些ALL患者,我们还需要进一步改进治疗靶向白血病细胞表面的其他分子。”

宾夕法尼亚大学医学院的科学家们是最早开发修饰T细胞治疗B细胞白血病的研究团体。当前的研究是建立在Grupp与他们的协作基础之上。2011年8月,宾夕法尼亚大学研究小组曾报道了一项实验的早期成果,他们利用这一细胞疗法治疗三名成人慢性淋巴白血病(CLL)患者。其中两名患者在接受治疗2½年后仍处于缓解期。2012年12月,研究人员在美国血液学会年度会议上报告称,10名在那时接受这一治疗的患者,其中有7人对治疗产生了反应。

领导当前研究的是宾夕法尼亚大学Perelman医学院、病理学和实验医学系免疫治疗教授、Abramson癌症中心转化研究主任Carl H. June博士。“我们希望我们所做出的这些努力,即利用这些个体化细胞疗法来治疗患者,能够在未来减少或甚至取代骨髓移植,从而避免骨髓移植所造成的高死亡风险和长期的住院治疗。从长远来看,如果治疗对于这些晚期患者有效,我们想探索着预先使用这一疗法,或许此时无需化疗就可以治愈白血病。

在这篇文章中,该研究小组采用了最初的CLL疗法来对抗另一种B细胞白血病:ALL。ALL是一种最常见的儿童癌症。在经过数十年的研究后,目前肿瘤科医生可以治愈85%的ALL患者。当前治疗中的两名儿童都患有一种顽固抵抗常规治疗的高危险性ALL。新研究采用的是癌症治疗中一种相对较新的方法:免疫治疗,即操控免疫系统提高它的抗癌能力。在这里,研究人员操纵T细胞选择性杀死了另一种已经癌变的称作B细胞的免疫细胞类型。

T细胞是免疫系统的主力,发挥识别和攻击入侵疾病细胞的功能。然而,癌细胞却能够躲避免疫监督的雷达,逃避T细胞的检测。新方法对T细胞进行了特别设计,使之能够“看到”和攻击癌细胞。研究人员从每位患者处取得一些T细胞,然后在实验室修饰这些细胞,由此生成了一种称作CTL019的带有CAR(chimeric antigen receptor,嵌合抗原受体)的细胞。这些细胞被设计攻击只存在于某些B细胞表面的CD19蛋白。

通过生成一种识别CD19的抗体,然后将这种抗体连接到T细胞上,研究人员在CTL019细胞中制造出了一种可锁定杀死B细胞,由此攻击B细胞白血病的导弹。在将CTL019细胞输回到患者体内后,CTL019细胞随着全身循环增殖了1000倍。更为重要的是,它们后来还在患者持续存在达数月,从而防止了这种特异类型的白血病复发。

现在,研究人员正在继续完善他们的治疗方法,并探讨某些患者对治疗不产生反应或是复发的原因。Grupp说:“第二名患者出现的肿瘤细胞并没有包含靶蛋白,表明在高危ALL患者中我们或许还需要扩展治疗,包括用其他的T细胞来针对其他的靶点。目前来自这一免疫疗法的初步结果是令人鼓舞的,以后我们还可能将这种方法开发用于治疗其他的癌症类型。”

原文出处:

Stephan A. Grupp, M.D., Ph.D., Michael Kalos, Ph.D., David Barrett, M.D., Ph.D., Richard Aplenc, M.D., Ph.D., David L. Porter, M.D., Susan R. Rheingold, M.D., David T. Teachey, M.D., Anne Chew, Ph.D., Bernd Hauck, Ph.D., J. Fraser Wright, Ph.D., Michael C. Milone, M.D., Ph.D., Bruce L. Levine, Ph.D., and Carl H. June, M.D.Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells for Acute Lymphoid Leukemia.N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1509-1518April 18, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215134

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