胡大一:对无症状人群广泛筛查颈动脉斑块急需规范

2017-06-28 胡大一 胡大一大夫

我国缺乏USPSTF(美国预防服务工作组)和英国NICE这些协助政策做技术评估的非政府医疗智囊团队。一些容易带来医疗经济效益的检查容易失控。一些学术团体也在缺乏科学证据支持的情况下,把如同颈动脉筛查作为研究工作,过泛过滥加以推广,并将之列为重大项目,浪费了国家的科技投入。实效甚微。这一重要问题,需要我们严重关注!

过度筛查对防卒中意义不大,弊明显大于利。导致过度干预,而且对患者造成心理压力。



用B型超声发现斑块后,尤其医生讲到软斑块,容易脱落,导致脑栓塞时,患者更为紧张。

我国缺乏USPSTF(美国预防服务工作组)和英国NICE这些协助政策做技术评估的非政府医疗智囊团队。一些容易带来医疗经济效益的检查容易失控。一些学术团体也在缺乏科学证据支持的情况下,把如同颈动脉筛查作为研究工作,过泛过滥加以推广,并将之列为重大项目,浪费了国家的科技投入。实效甚微。这一重要问题,需要我们严重关注!

1、USPSTF明确指出:对于无卒中,短暂性缺血发作(TIA)和神经症状体征病史的成年人,不建议做颈动脉狭窄筛查!

2、所有筛查策略,包括B型超声都不足以敏感检出颈动脉狭窄。而且所有筛查策略都可能带来不必要治疗,筛查无症状颈动脉狭窄的危害大于获益。

3、成年人群颈动脉狭窄患病率不高(0.5%-1%),多普勒超声筛查在成人群体中有大量为假阳性结果,导致不必要干预和对患者的伤害。

4、无证据支持颈动脉听诊发现颈部杂音能准确检出颈动脉狭窄,并且患者从之获益程度极小。

5、颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)后30天,卒中或死亡率2.4%,在手术量小的医疗中心,高达5%,在某些州为6%。颈动脉支架植入术后30天的卒中和死亡率3.1%-3.8%。USPSTF经评估,指出干预的风险远超筛查带来的微小获益。

颈动脉内膜剥脱和颈动脉支架植入的主要危害包括急性心肌梗死、手术并发症,颅神经损伤,肺栓塞,肺部感染和需额外手术干预的局部血肿。

目前缺乏手术或支架治疗与药物保守治疗的随机对比研究。

6、应广泛告知广大患者,这种筛查不可能预防他们的卒中或改善他们的健康状况。归因于无症状筛查发现的颈动脉狭窄的卒中风险仅0.7%。而归因于高血压、心房颤动,吸烟和高胆固醇的卒中风险分别为:大于95%,24%(取决于患者年龄和其他危险因素),14%和9%。

因此,做好卒中预防还是要把精力与资源放在:

(1)认真控制高血压,尤其提高治疗与达标率。
(2)做好心房颤动的血栓栓塞评估,对高危人群,用好华法林和新型口服抗凝药。
(3)戒烟,控制公共场所、办公场所和公共交通工具二手烟危害。
(4)通过合理饮食,必要时有适应证的患者服用中、小剂量他汀,必要时联合半片~1片依折麦布。

我国对无症状的成人广泛用B型超声筛查颈动脉狭窄已呈泛滥成灾之势,急需加以遏制。

注:
1、USPSTF为一独立的非政府机构,其主要工作是针对具体预防保健服务进行评估和依评估证据进行推荐。

2、USPSTF明确反对在无症状人群筛查颈动脉狭窄的推荐意见与以下相关学术机构高度一致。它们是:美国心脏协会(AHA)、美国心脏病学学会(ACC)、美国卒中学会(ASA)美国卒中神经外科医师协会(AANS)、美国放射学会(ACR)血管外科学会(ASN)血管医学会(SVM)和美国家庭医师协会(AAFP)。

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    2017-06-30 大旺旺

    学习了啊

    0

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    2017-06-28 flysky120

    斑块的体检,花费多少?

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