慢性肾盂肾炎、尿毒症竟误诊为再生障碍性贫血!

2017-06-30 蔡素筠 环球医学

女70岁,因头晕,无力,伴有恶心,呕吐一个月就诊。慢性肾盂肾炎、尿毒症竟误诊为再生障碍性贫血,误诊原因是什么?有哪些经验教训值得学习?

女70岁,因头晕,无力,伴有恶心,呕吐一个月就诊。慢性肾盂肾炎、尿毒症竟误诊为再生障碍性贫血,误诊原因是什么?有哪些经验教训值得学习?

患者,女性,70岁,因头晕,无力,伴有恶心,呕吐一个月就诊。患者一个月来无明显诱因引起头晕,疲乏无力,活动后心悸气短,食欲减退,恶心、伴有呕吐,每日吐1~2次,多在饭后,吐物为胃内容物,无咖啡色物,无腹痛及腹泻,无尿频、尿急、尿痛和血尿。近期无失血史,既往无高血压病史。

体检 贫血外貌,体温36.9℃,血压140/90mmHg,脉搏90次/分,皮肤无黄染,未见出血点及瘀斑,全身浅表淋巴结不大,五官大致正常,心率90次/分,律齐,各瓣膜区未闻杂音,两肺正常,腹平软,无压痛,肝脾不大,肾区无叩痛,下肢无水肿。

化验检查 血红蛋白79g/L,白细胞2.5 ×109/L,血小板42 ×109/L,尿、便常规正常。骨髓穿刺检查,骨髓显示增生低下,粒系、红系比例大致正常,全片未见巨核细胞,肝功能正常,尿素氮10mmol/L,血肌酐106μmol/L,胸片正常,心电图未见异常,腹部B超示肝、胆、胰、脾、肾未见异常。

诊治经过 诊断为再生障碍性贫血,给一般抗贫血治疗及康力龙,对症等措施,一个月后病情稳定出院。出院后家人给予加强营养,经常吃鸡蛋,喝鸡汤,及大量肉食,贫血不但没有改善,反而加重,出现频频呕吐,进食很少,皮肤黏膜出血,伴有水肿,再次住院。入院后复查血红蛋白41g/L,白细胞2.1 ×109/L,血小板30 ×109/L,尿常规化验正常,肾功能检查结果尿素氮明显升高,酚红排泄试验为0。再追问病史,患者既往有慢性肾盂肾炎史,反复发作二十余年,近几年虽未发作,但经常出现水肿,后做尿培养,有大肠杆菌生长,最后确诊为慢性肾盂肾炎,尿毒症。

误诊原因

1﹒患者表现为全血细胞减少,骨髓增生低下,易误诊为再障。单纯再障病人一般不会出现恶心、呕吐症状。

2﹒食欲不振,恶心,呕吐是肾功能减退的常见症状,最初未给以足够的重视,后出现频频呕吐,查肾功能,尿素氮明显升高才想到肾性贫血的可能。其实最初入院时已有肾功能减退,化验已不正常,医生只根据骨髓增生低下加之全血减少就诊断再障而不再考虑其他。

3﹒在采取病史中未问到慢性肾盂肾炎史及水肿史。

误诊教训

1﹒全血细胞减少虽然最常见于再障贫血,其他疾患也可以引起全血减少,必须全面考虑诊断一一排除其他疾病。凡是贫血的病人在考虑诊断时都应常规排除肾性贫血的可能,要详细询问肾脏疾病史并做肾功能检查。

2﹒在未排除肾性贫血的诊断时,不易进食过多的蛋白质食物,患者在出院时,医生应该告诉病人饮食注意事项,因患者肾功能已不正常。尿常规化验正常,不能除外肾性贫血,慢性肾盂肾炎引起肾功能减退时常出现贫血,应给予足够重视。

原始出处:
曾昭耆等,《专家临床笔录丛书.内科分册》人民卫生出版社312-313

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    2017-07-13 1871f269d3m

    刚开始肌酐106,怎么贫血会那么重,尿毒症病人白细胞一般也不低啊,我觉得诊断可能仍然不准确

    0

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    2017-07-02 tcm99hq
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221956, encodeId=41ff221956fd, content=刚开始肌酐106,怎么贫血会那么重,尿毒症病人白细胞一般也不低啊,我觉得诊断可能仍然不准确, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e84a2082174, createdName=1871f269d3m, createdTime=Thu Jul 13 21:42:17 CST 2017, time=2017-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1290400, encodeId=cced1290400d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=facb4e432e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#尿毒症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47432, encryptionId=facb4e432e4, topicName=尿毒症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=74c2229, createdName=tcm99hq, createdTime=Sun Jul 02 06:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1532221, encodeId=d4f61532221f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b5825e4aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82574, encryptionId=10b5825e4aa, topicName=肾炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=84df12331144, createdName=villahu, createdTime=Sun Jul 02 06:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=217139, encodeId=dd2621e1393d, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Jun 30 19:06:53 CST 2017, time=2017-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-02 villahu
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221956, encodeId=41ff221956fd, content=刚开始肌酐106,怎么贫血会那么重,尿毒症病人白细胞一般也不低啊,我觉得诊断可能仍然不准确, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e84a2082174, createdName=1871f269d3m, createdTime=Thu Jul 13 21:42:17 CST 2017, time=2017-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1290400, encodeId=cced1290400d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=facb4e432e4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#尿毒症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=47432, encryptionId=facb4e432e4, topicName=尿毒症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=74c2229, createdName=tcm99hq, createdTime=Sun Jul 02 06:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1532221, encodeId=d4f61532221f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b5825e4aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82574, encryptionId=10b5825e4aa, topicName=肾炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=84df12331144, createdName=villahu, createdTime=Sun Jul 02 06:45:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=217139, encodeId=dd2621e1393d, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Jun 30 19:06:53 CST 2017, time=2017-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-30 changjiu

    学习了,谢谢

    0