植入式静脉输液港相关感染,该如何防控?

2018-06-05 刘善善(连云港市第一人民医院) SIFIC感染官微

我们知道植入式静脉输液港(implantable venous access port,IVAP,简称PORT)是一种可供反复穿刺的全植入式血管通道装置,自1982年应用于临床以来,在肿瘤患者静脉化疗等领域得到广泛应用。

我们知道植入式静脉输液港(implantable venous access port,IVAP,简称PORT)是一种可供反复穿刺的全植入式血管通道装置,自1982年应用于临床以来,在肿瘤患者静脉化疗等领域得到广泛应用。

先看一个病例:

中年女性患者,左乳腺癌术后1月余,植入式静脉输液港放入3天后,输液港切口处出现红肿,有疼痛感,切口边缘伴有脓性分泌物,分泌物培养结果为金黄色葡萄球菌,血降钙素原0.86ng/ml。该患者是哪个部位感染?为什么会出现感染?应该如何处理?

我们来看一下植入式输液港相关感染的知识,为进一步做好该类感染防控奠定基础。

1.PORT相关感染基本情况有哪些?

PORT使用中发生的感染包括局部感染与全身性感染,以局部皮肤囊袋感染多见,严重的会发生港体或导管感染囊袋感染。文献报道其发生率可达 3% -10%。

感染大部分发生在输液港植入时,且感染部位通常位于输液港囊袋,小部分发生在输液港带管期间,多因输液港穿刺时消毒不规范引起。

2.PORT相关感染发生机制有哪些?

穿刺部位皮肤污染是引起感染的最主要原因。感染一般是在穿刺点污染,然后沿着注射座移行进入管腔内或通过血液播散,以革兰阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌等最常见,其次有革兰阴性杆菌和白念珠菌等。导管相关感染发生率随使用时间增加而增加。

3.PORT相关感染如何进行诊断

1) PORT使用中出现穿刺点红肿、渗液,囊袋皮肤红肿伴疼痛,应考虑为局部皮肤囊袋感染。

2)PORT使用后即出现不明原因的高热、寒战,伴有白细胞升高,外周血培养出金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌或白念珠菌,没有其它可识别感染源时,应高度怀疑为导管相关血流感染。穿刺部位及囊袋皮肤污染是引起导管感染的最主要原因。怀疑导管感染应同时作外周血培养和PORT抽血培养。判断方法见下表。



3)在排除存在其他感染病灶的情况下,以下情况可作为临床诊断:导管培养阳性,临床表现为脓毒血症,且拔出导管48 h内症状好转;或导管培养阴性,有至少2次血培养阳性,且为皮肤共生。

4)其确诊是在疑似病例中分别从外周静脉以及导管中抽取血液进行培养,并同时结合患者临床表现和其他实验室检查。

4.发生PORT 感染如何处理?

1)根据局部炎症反应程度酌情处理。

2)轻度局部感染可使用碘酒、酒精消毒,更换敷料。

3)怀疑为PORT引起的全身感染,需拔出导管并对其尖端作细菌培养,同时,应监测外周血与导管细菌培养结果,观察生命体征,考虑全身应用抗生素。血培养结果尚未报告前,应经验性应用抗生素,选用针对革兰阳性菌抗生素;明确导管感染后,根据药敏结果选用抗生素进行全身抗感染治疗,从外周静脉输注,并对港体及导管采用高浓度抗生素持续填充管腔数小时。

4)一旦经抗感染治疗难以控制或反复出现导管相关感染,考虑导管表面或IVAP内有顽固性细菌群定植,抗生素治疗无法完全杀灭之,建议取出输液港。

5.如何预防PORT 相关感染?

1)医务人员在输液港植入、换药和维护时应严格无菌操作,同时加强患者的相关健康宣教。

2) 对于输液港相关性感染,预防性使用抗生素还没有明确的指南推荐。

3)近年来,对于需要长期留置导管的患者,有学者提倡应用抗生素锁技术,即用高浓度的抗生素封闭导管抑制细菌生物膜的生长,从而达到预防导管相关性感染的目的,且研究发现糖肽类、氨基糖 苷类抗生素和环丙沙星是有效的抗生素药物锁。

4)输液港相关性感染重在预防。

原始出处:



3. 陈莉 , 罗凤 , 蔡明植入式静脉输液港并发症及处理的研究进展,中华乳腺病杂志(电子版) 2017 年 4 月 第 11 卷 第 2 期

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    2018-11-10 villahu
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    2018-06-11 fusion
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    2018-06-10 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1748737, encodeId=afb21e487371e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4087626564c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#植入式#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62656, encryptionId=4087626564c, topicName=植入式)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cdca36191722, createdName=villahu, createdTime=Sat Nov 10 06:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697707, encodeId=81dc169e70702, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Mon Jun 11 10:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322988, encodeId=13de322988c1, content=了解了解.学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Jun 10 08:01:19 CST 2018, time=2018-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322245, encodeId=b34232224596, content=好文.值得点赞!认真学习了.把经验应用于实践.为患者解除病痛., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 13:11:55 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1428936, encodeId=ef531428936c8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=78e19380436' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#输液港#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93804, encryptionId=78e19380436, topicName=输液港)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=673c4151997, createdName=AspirantSuo, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 11:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1436953, encodeId=6ffa1436953d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=43ad9919867' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉输液#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99198, encryptionId=43ad9919867, topicName=静脉输液)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 11:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1520486, encodeId=8222152048602, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a736264553' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#植入#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62645, encryptionId=7a736264553, topicName=植入)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=832411313664, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 11:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-06-07 虈亣靌

    好文.值得点赞!认真学习了.把经验应用于实践.为患者解除病痛.

    0

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    2018-06-07 jiyangfei

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