《中国中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者抗菌药物临床应用指南(2016年版)》发布

2016-07-11 MedSci MedSci原创

中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者是一组特殊的疾病人群。由于免疫功能低下,炎症的症状和体征常不明显,病原菌及感染灶也不明确,发热可能是感染的唯一征象,如没有给予及时恰当的抗菌药物治疗,感染相关死亡率高。因此,充分认识中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者的相关风险、诊断方法以及如何合理使用抗菌药物,对于降低中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热的发生和病死风险至关重要。参考国际指南并结合国内流行病学资料、细菌耐药检测数据以及抗菌药物临床应

中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者是一组特殊的疾病人群。由于免疫功能低下,炎症的症状和体征常不明显,病原菌及感染灶也不明确,发热可能是感染的唯一征象,如没有给予及时恰当的抗菌药物治疗,感染相关死亡率高。因此,充分认识中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者的相关风险、诊断方法以及如何合理使用抗菌药物,对于降低中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热的发生和病死风险至关重要。参考国际指南并结合国内流行病学资料、细菌耐药检测数据以及抗菌药物临床应用经验,中华医学会血液学分会和中国医师协会血液科医师分会对2012版指南进行修订,以期更好地指导临床工作。

定义 (1)中性粒细胞缺乏:患者外周血中性粒细胞绝对计数(ANC)<0.5×109/L或预计48 h后ANC<0.5×109/L;严重中性粒细胞缺乏:ANC <0.1×109/L。(2)发热:口腔温度单次测定≥38.3℃(腋温≥38.0℃)或≥38.0℃(腋温≥37.7℃)持续超过1 h。

诊断 (1)进行详细的病史询问和体格检查,以发现感染的高危部位和隐匿部位。但有相当一部分患者无法明确感染部位。(2)实验室检查:至少每3 d复查一次全血细胞计数、肝肾功能和电解质。建议进行降钙素原、C反应蛋白等感染相关指标的检查。(3)微生物学检查:至少同时行两套血培养检查,如果存在中心静脉置管(CVC),一套血标本从CVC的管腔采集,另一套从外周静脉采集。

患者耐药评估 患者危险度分层是中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热患者治疗开始前必要的工作,对于后续经验性选择抗菌药物至关重要。高危患者应首选住院接受经验性静脉抗菌药物治疗,不符合低危标准的患者在临床上均应参照高危患者指南进行治疗。

抗菌药物的调整 在接受经验性抗菌药物治疗后,应根据危险分层、确诊的病原菌和患者对初始治疗的反应等综合判断,决定后续如何调整抗菌治疗。正在接受经验性口服或静脉治疗的低危门诊患者,如果其发热和临床症状在48 h内无好转,应住院重新评估并开始静脉应用广谱抗菌药物治疗。对于明确病原菌的患者,可根据药敏结果采用窄谱抗生素治疗。

——全文刊登于2016年第5期《中华血液病杂志》


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    2016-07-13 lhlxtx
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Science:免疫细胞杀敌新策略

近日,刊登在国际杂志Science上的一项研究论文中,来自美国罗切斯特大学的研究人员通过研究表示,就好象成群飞翔的鸟儿能够学会如何节约能量,蚂蚁能够开创殖民地来保护蚁王,免疫细胞也会参与协调行为来清除消灭机体中的病毒,比如流感病毒等。文章中,研究者首次揭示了免疫细胞如何发挥作用来达到其目的地—感染或损伤位点,当机体处于开放状态时,病毒或细菌就会占据多个机体位点:肺部、咽喉、皮肤、胃部或者耳朵,而

Science:炎症反应中中性粒细胞是如何迁移的?

炎症反应一般由血管化组织的损伤引起,它能够通过清除微生物,愈合伤口实现机体的稳态控制。然而,不受控制的炎症反应也能够引发机体的病变。因此,我们需要对炎症反应中的信号传导机制有系统的了解。然而,最大的难题在于炎症组织内部的信号错综复杂,牵一发而动全身,所以要想从中找出某一条清晰的线索是比较困难的。 对于中性粒细胞相应炎性刺激的迁移过程,McDonald等人对其中的每一步都做了详细的研究。首先,

Nature:中性粒细胞——乳腺癌肺转移的重要“帮凶”

尽管科学家们已经在癌细胞靶向药物开发方面取得显著进展,但治疗转移性肿瘤的治疗方法通常不是特别有效。许多研究表明癌细胞对它们所处的微环境存在依赖性,因此靶向肿瘤中的非癌细胞组成成分可能是新型治疗方法开发的重要基础。但是人们对于肿瘤生长和转移过程中宿主应答所发挥的作用仍了解较少,限制了新型治疗方法的开发。   在一项发表在国际学术期刊Nature上的最新研究中,来自英国弗朗西斯克里克

胰腺炎发生的始作俑者

瑞典隆德大学的研究人员可能发现了民众患急性胰腺炎的原因及病情转归。研究结果对急性胰腺炎药物的研发和选择具有重要的借鉴作用。 大家都知道,若中性粒细胞被过度激活,则会引起胰腺出现炎症反应。然而,直到现在,是什么原因导致中性粒细胞出现激活还没有一个令人满意答案。因此,隆德大学的三个研究小组同时开始研究,以寻找到令人满意的答案。 隆德大学的Henrik Thorlacius教授说道:“我们的研究表明,中

Neurology:脑缺血患者溶栓前中性粒细胞高,患者预后差

目的:为了确定缺血性卒中(IS)患者,静脉给予rtPA溶栓前,较高的中性粒细胞计数与症状性脑出血(sICH)和3月不良预后之间的关系。方法:在里尔和赫尔辛基群体研究中,给予IS患者rtPA治疗前,检测血液中白细胞,中性粒细胞以及淋巴细胞计数。主要终点为sICH(欧洲急性脑卒中Ⅱ定义)。次要终点为死亡以及3个月极好预后(mRS分数0-1或等于卒中前),良好预后(mRS分数为0-2或等于卒中前)。结果