PNAS:端粒长度检测可筛查短端粒相关的疾病风险

2018-03-03 忐忑 生物探索

一直有研究认为,寿命其实早已被写进我们的DNA里,而且从刚出生就能看到这些信息。染色体末端的小“帽子”端粒常被认为是细胞年龄的写照,端粒越长细胞衰老程度越低。且先不说端粒长度是否真的代表着寿命长短,最近,约翰?霍普金斯大学的医生和科学家们发现,检测端粒长度,或可以帮助识别那些罹患与短端粒相关的疾病风险增加的人群。

一直有研究认为,寿命其实早已被写进我们的DNA里,而且从刚出生就能看到这些信息。染色体末端的小“帽子”端粒常被认为是细胞年龄的写照,端粒越长细胞衰老程度越低。且先不说端粒长度是否真的代表着寿命长短,最近,约翰?霍普金斯大学的医生和科学家们发现,检测端粒长度,或可以帮助识别那些罹患与短端粒相关的疾病风险增加的人群。

1短端粒相关疾病

“美国至少有5000-1000人患与短端粒有关的疾病。这些疾病影响的人数与特定类型的白血病一样多,我们认为患病率可能高于目前的估计。”论文第一作者、约翰霍普金斯Kimmel癌症中心肿瘤学教授Mary Armanios博士表示,“有一些遗传性疾病的特征是端粒极短,比如说肺纤维化或骨髓功能衰竭。”

Armanios说:“我们的目标是在医院建立一个临床可靠的端粒长度检测工具,让医生和他们的病人能够得到精确的诊断和治疗建议。” 相关研究结果于2月20日发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)杂志上。DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720427115

2Flow-FISH检测端粒长度

由加拿大研究员十多年前开发的流式荧光原位杂交(Flow-FISH),被用于检测患者血液样本中每个细胞的端粒长度。在最新的研究中,Armanios与约翰斯?霍普金斯大学的Jonathan Alder博士等一起使用了Flow-FISH测试来确定192个健康人的正常端粒长度的范围。所有受试者均从约翰霍普金斯医院招募,对照组包括从新生儿到82岁的人的血液样本。

研究小组将基于巴尔的摩的数据与加拿大温哥华的研究人员发表的数据进行了比较,还用这种Flow-FISH测试来测量444名健康人群的端粒长度。

结果发现,巴尔的摩和温哥华两组的人都有相似的端粒长度,彼此之间的差异在5%以内。此外,正常的端粒长度,也就是在出生时8到13千碱基之间,也有相似之处。

然后,研究人员检测了来自60个家庭的100个人的端粒长度,这些家庭已知携带与端粒及端粒酶有关的基因突变。其中,73人有与短端粒有关的疾病症状,27人无症状。在73例中,21例骨髓衰竭患者平均比41岁的肺纤维化或肺气肿患者年轻30岁。在这组患者中,端粒最短的患者在较年轻的时候(童年和青少年时期)就会出现疾病症状。

3指导治疗决策

“端粒检测需要精确和可重复,但更重要的是如何将这些信息用于指导治疗决策,”Daniel Nathans教授和约翰霍普金斯医院的分子生物学和遗传学系主任Carol Greider博士说。Greider在1984年发现了控制端粒延长的端粒酶,并与Elizabeth Blackburn和Jack W. Szostak共同获得2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

Armanios认为,患有某些不明原因低血症的患者应该进行Flow-FISH检测,以帮助他们的医生确定最佳治疗方案。

最近,一些公司已经向公众推销了一种不同类型的端粒长度测试,认为一个人的端粒长度可以预测他们的生物“年龄”。这些非处方端粒长度测试使用定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)的工具。这种方法在患者血液样本中的细胞,提取DNA、扩增DNA,并测定DNA库中重复DNA序列的数量。

Armanios的研究以及其他研究小组已经证明,端粒长度的qPCR检测变异性率高达20%。qPCR检测一个血样的成本约为100美元,而Flow-FISH则为400美元。据Armanios说,约翰斯?霍普金斯大学被认为是唯一一家提供Flow-FISH端粒长度测试的美国医院。

Armanios认为,这种非处方的端粒检测并不能给人们提供准确或可操作的信息。她补充说:“在正常的端粒长度范围内,不可能确定一个人确切的生物年龄,也不能确定一个人‘年轻性’。”此外,端粒很长对健康有益的观点可能事实并非如此。有证据表明,如此长的染色体端粒可能与更大的癌症风险有关。

原始出处:
Jonathan K. Alder, Vidya Sagar Hanumanthu, Margaret A. Strong,et al.Diagnostic utility of telomere length testing in a hospital-based setting.PNAS 2018; published ahead of print February 20, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720427115

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    2018-06-30 drwjr
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