PCI术中发现冠状动脉慢血流 怎样处理避免复发胸痛?

2017-07-10 布艾加尔•哈斯木 孟晓萍 心血管临床特殊病例剖析

本例患者因持续性胸骨后疼痛入院,诊断为急性下壁心肌梗死。行PCI术时,发现右冠状动脉慢血流。冠状动脉慢血流的患者超过80%有再发性胸痛,严重影响患者的生活质量。下面要我们看一下此病例的诊断要点和注意事项。【一般情况】男,48岁,汉族。【主诉】持续性胸骨后疼痛2小时。【病史摘要】患者今日6:30开始无明显诱因下出现持续性胸痛,疼痛位于胸骨中段,手掌大小,疼痛性质不详,向两侧肩背及双上臂放射,休息后不

本例患者因持续性胸骨后疼痛入院,诊断为急性下壁心肌梗死。行PCI术时,发现右冠状动脉慢血流。冠状动脉慢血流的患者超过80%有再发性胸痛,严重影响患者的生活质量。下面要我们看一下此病例的诊断要点和注意事项。

【一般情况】
男,48岁,汉族。

【主诉】
持续性胸骨后疼痛2小时。

【病史摘要】
患者今日6:30开始无明显诱因下出现持续性胸痛,疼痛位于胸骨中段,手掌大小,疼痛性质不详,向两侧肩背及双上臂放射,休息后不能缓解,疼痛与呼吸和进食无关,伴有出汗、胸闷、濒死感。120急救车将患者送入笔者医院抢救。急诊心电图示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段弓背向上抬高1.5mV,考虑急性下壁心肌梗死,予阿司匹林300mg、硫酸氯吡格雷300mg、硝酸甘油扩张冠状动脉等治疗,行急诊冠状动脉造影检查。20年前有期前收缩史,未经治疗。有高血压病史1年,血压最高达150/96mmHg,于当地医院就诊,服用降压药(具体不详),血压控制于正常范围。高血脂1年余,服用阿托伐他汀治疗,血脂控制情况可,吸烟30年,每日20支,不规则饮酒,量大时每次饮白酒1斤,祖母有高血压、心脏病病史。

【查体】
BP110/74mmHg,神清,精神欠佳,平车推入病房,查体合作。颈软,无抵抗。双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及干湿啰音。心前区无隆起,心浊音界无明显扩大,心率68次/分,心律齐,第一心音亢进,心脏各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。腹软,无压痛、反跳痛,肝脾肋下未触及,双下肢无水肿。

【辅助检查】
急诊血常规、凝血功能、肝肾功能、电解质、血淀粉酶无异常。肌钙蛋白T<0.03ng/ml,NT‐proBNP<60pg/ml。生化:TC5.14mmol/L,TG3.23mmol/L,LDL3.41mmol/L,HDL 0﹒9mmol/L。住院后查CK‐MB68.2U/L,糖化血红蛋白6.4%,肌钙蛋白T>2ng/mL。心脏彩超提示LAD33mm,LVDd42mm,EF 70%,各心腔大小及心内结构未见异常,左心室舒张功能减退,收缩功能正常。

【初步诊断】

急性下壁心肌梗死,高血压1级(极高危),高脂血症。

【诊治过程】

予以吸氧、心电监护、扩张冠状动脉、抗凝,急诊行冠状动脉PCI术。术中发现左主干无明显的斑块及狭窄,前降支慢血流(TIMI2级)、回旋支及钝缘支未见明显斑块及狭窄。右冠状动脉近段有20%狭窄,血流缓慢(TIMI1级),远端于后三叉前完全闭塞,予以硝酸甘油200μg、替罗非班5ml冠状动脉内缓慢推注,10分钟后再造影提示:右冠状动脉慢血流(TIMI1级),右冠远端显影,未见明显狭窄,血栓负荷较重。治疗后患者无胸痛、胸闷发作,复查心肌酶谱、肌钙蛋白基本正常。

【最终确诊】

冠心病、急性下壁心肌梗死、冠状动脉慢血流,高血压1级(极高危)、高脂血症。

【病情分析】

患者中年男性,因持续性胸骨后疼痛2小时入院。急查心电图示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段弓背向上抬高1.5mV。患者有高脂血症,并长期大量吸烟、饮酒,血管危险因素较多。初步诊断考虑为急性下壁心肌梗死,急诊行PCI术,发现右冠状动脉慢血流(TIMI1级),右冠远端显影,未见明显狭窄,但血栓负荷较重。诊断是明确的,术中有慢血流现象。

【相关最新指南及诊治进展】

冠状动脉慢血流(coronary slow flow,CSF)现象是指在有胸痛症状的患者进行冠状动脉造影(CAG)时心外膜冠状动脉无狭窄而远端血流灌注延迟的现象。慢血流现象分为原发和继发两种。继发性的慢血流包括:冠状动脉扩张、急性冠状动脉综合征时的血栓栓塞、腔内压力突然增高、冠状动脉痉挛、气体栓塞、结缔组织病等。1972年Tambe首次报道了慢血流现象,目前慢血流的发病机制和治疗仍不清楚。随着CAG的普及,CSF越来越受到心血管界的重视,已经成为国内外学者研究的热点。

CSF现象多见于吸烟的年轻男性,与X综合征不同,后者主要发生在绝经后的老年女性。CSF患者多表现为静息疼痛,常常需要紧急入院,静息心电图异常同时伴有运动试验阳性结果。对慢血流患者进行长期的临床随访提示常常有再发的症状和生活质量下降,超过80%的患者有再发胸痛,1/3的患者因急性恶化而再次入院,也有些患者可以表现为急性心肌梗死或严重心律失常。Atak等报道了CSF患者的校正的QT离散度的异常,个案报道有心绞痛症状和再发晕厥的慢血流患者,Holter记录有多阵非持续性室性心动过速和体表心电图有增大的QTc离散度。

现行的心绞痛分类方法仅定义了稳定型心绞痛、不稳定型心绞痛、变异型心绞痛和心脏X综合征4种心绞痛类型,然而存在冠状动脉慢血流伴胸痛的患者难以归入以上类型。尽管此类患者预后良好,但频繁的胸部不适和心绞痛严重降低了患者的生活质量。

病理生理和发病机制:①梗阻性冠状动脉小血管病变;②内皮功能障碍;③代谢紊乱;④冠状动脉的炎性疾病;⑤血小板功能失调;⑥缩血管和扩血管因子的不平衡;⑦神经体液改变;⑧微循环功能障碍等

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633828, encodeId=e1201633828ed, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=578d13843ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13843, encryptionId=578d13843ad, topicName=PCI术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea4322051797, createdName=zxl736, createdTime=Sat Mar 24 12:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221814, encodeId=0af4221814f8, content=内容很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KynZWiaZcw1J0lWhzLtT6ukInjVSRV4un6UrPrs68caGt3cNk2qhwctOqMFPWlvwF4wkvtn7bTIOQ/0, createdBy=cca998055, createdName=nannanxyy, createdTime=Thu Jul 13 10:55:07 CST 2017, time=2017-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221285, encodeId=6f2b221285ad, content=学习了谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2JlGvwpAibiaovVhfA9DbO7X7JLGGjM4Cic6oMgxLdnuS9piaP9cnG2OwIbkzHvX0qzS1boibyYNqR5vHZu7HQs5EIB/0, createdBy=298d1398341, createdName=lou.minghong, createdTime=Wed Jul 12 07:12:27 CST 2017, time=2017-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221112, encodeId=158922111268, content=学习了 但是怎么处理呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0iaeHUsbIzwsociaXY4eY8DryoMrt2gEdB9WBJl32NBRdY2JLRtDPibf3KoIM53fldicMJYbSUWVaXU/0, createdBy=e6fc75818, createdName=maymoon1983, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 18:56:54 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220938, encodeId=c2c422093876, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 08:05:57 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220892, encodeId=769f22089252, content=谢谢,文章病例, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 06:58:12 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-24 zxl736
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633828, encodeId=e1201633828ed, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=578d13843ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13843, encryptionId=578d13843ad, topicName=PCI术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea4322051797, createdName=zxl736, createdTime=Sat Mar 24 12:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221814, encodeId=0af4221814f8, content=内容很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KynZWiaZcw1J0lWhzLtT6ukInjVSRV4un6UrPrs68caGt3cNk2qhwctOqMFPWlvwF4wkvtn7bTIOQ/0, createdBy=cca998055, createdName=nannanxyy, createdTime=Thu Jul 13 10:55:07 CST 2017, time=2017-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221285, encodeId=6f2b221285ad, content=学习了谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2JlGvwpAibiaovVhfA9DbO7X7JLGGjM4Cic6oMgxLdnuS9piaP9cnG2OwIbkzHvX0qzS1boibyYNqR5vHZu7HQs5EIB/0, createdBy=298d1398341, createdName=lou.minghong, createdTime=Wed Jul 12 07:12:27 CST 2017, time=2017-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221112, encodeId=158922111268, content=学习了 但是怎么处理呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0iaeHUsbIzwsociaXY4eY8DryoMrt2gEdB9WBJl32NBRdY2JLRtDPibf3KoIM53fldicMJYbSUWVaXU/0, createdBy=e6fc75818, createdName=maymoon1983, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 18:56:54 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220938, encodeId=c2c422093876, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 08:05:57 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220892, encodeId=769f22089252, content=谢谢,文章病例, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 06:58:12 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-13 nannanxyy

    内容很好,学习了

    0

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    2017-07-12 lou.minghong

    学习了谢谢分享!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1633828, encodeId=e1201633828ed, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=578d13843ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PCI术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13843, encryptionId=578d13843ad, topicName=PCI术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea4322051797, createdName=zxl736, createdTime=Sat Mar 24 12:10:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221814, encodeId=0af4221814f8, content=内容很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KynZWiaZcw1J0lWhzLtT6ukInjVSRV4un6UrPrs68caGt3cNk2qhwctOqMFPWlvwF4wkvtn7bTIOQ/0, createdBy=cca998055, createdName=nannanxyy, createdTime=Thu Jul 13 10:55:07 CST 2017, time=2017-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221285, encodeId=6f2b221285ad, content=学习了谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2JlGvwpAibiaovVhfA9DbO7X7JLGGjM4Cic6oMgxLdnuS9piaP9cnG2OwIbkzHvX0qzS1boibyYNqR5vHZu7HQs5EIB/0, createdBy=298d1398341, createdName=lou.minghong, createdTime=Wed Jul 12 07:12:27 CST 2017, time=2017-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=221112, encodeId=158922111268, content=学习了 但是怎么处理呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0iaeHUsbIzwsociaXY4eY8DryoMrt2gEdB9WBJl32NBRdY2JLRtDPibf3KoIM53fldicMJYbSUWVaXU/0, createdBy=e6fc75818, createdName=maymoon1983, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 18:56:54 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220938, encodeId=c2c422093876, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 08:05:57 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=220892, encodeId=769f22089252, content=谢谢,文章病例, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Tue Jul 11 06:58:12 CST 2017, time=2017-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-11 maymoon1983

    学习了 但是怎么处理呢

    0

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    2017-07-11 184****9840

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-07-11 flysky120

    谢谢,文章病例

    0

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