Science新闻:人类,或许不是**会患阿尔茨海默病的物种

2017-08-04 MedSci MedSci原创

科学家已经在20只老年黑猩猩大脑中发现了阿尔茨海默病的迹象,这重新引爆了一个长达数十年的争论,即人类是否是唯一可能随着衰老失智的物种。黑猩猩是真患上了阿尔茨海默氏症还是仅仅存在大脑异常但并不具备疾病症状,目前还不得而知。但无论哪种方式,这项工作表明,黑猩猩可以帮助科学家更好地了解并对抗这种疾病——当然前提是研究人员可以获得在这些濒危动物身上进行研究的许可。

科学家已经在20只老年黑猩猩大脑中发现了阿尔茨海默病的迹象,这重新引爆了一个长达数十年的争论,即人类是否是唯一可能随着衰老失智的物种。黑猩猩是真患上了阿尔茨海默氏症还是仅仅存在大脑异常但并不具备疾病症状,目前还不得而知。但无论哪种方式,这项工作表明,黑猩猩可以帮助科学家更好地了解并对抗这种疾病——当然前提是研究人员可以获得在这些濒危动物身上进行研究的许可。

阿尔茨海默症最主要的症状包括痴呆和大脑中的两种生物标志物异常:错误折叠的β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)在大脑中沉积形成的淀粉样蛋白斑块和Tau蛋白过度磷酸化导致的神经纤维缠结。许多其他灵长类动物,包括恒河猴,狒狒和大猩猩也会随着衰老出现老年斑,但是tau缠结在这些物种要么不存在,要么与人类存在差异。

1老年黑猩猩大脑中观察到蛋白斑和缠结

在这项新研究中,肯特州立大学的生物人类学家Mary Ann Raghanti领导的研究人员转向了与人类亲缘关系最近的黑猩猩。 2015年,美国鱼类与野生动植物所声明,美国黑猩猩处于濒危状态,因而终止了对黑猩猩进行的所有侵入性研究。不过,多亏一个新成立的机构收集了在动物园和研究中心死亡的黑猩猩的大脑,该研究小组才能检查20只年龄在37至62岁的黑猩猩大脑。最老的那只黑猩猩的年龄大约相当于人类的120岁。在这些黑猩猩中,13只大脑中有淀粉样蛋白斑块,4只还存在神经纤维缠结,这是人类晚期阿尔茨海默症的典型症状,该研究发表在近日的Neurobiology of Aging期刊上。 Emory大学的神经病理学家Lary Walker说:“我对这个结果一点儿也不感到惊讶。” Lary Walker没有参与这项新研究。2008年,Walker领导的一个团队在一只41岁的猩猩脑中发现了蛋白斑和缠结,这只黑猩猩死于中风,不过它脑中斑块和缠结的分布与人类阿尔茨海默病患者的大脑不一样。Walker说,这项新研究使他“确定我们以前观察到的黑猩猩不是某种异常现象”。

但到目前为止,已知只有人类才具备阿尔茨海默病的三个症状:蛋白斑,缠结和痴呆症。Raghanti说,她研究的这20只黑猩猩没有经过认知或行为变化的测试。因此,“我们不能说这些黑猩猩患有阿尔茨海默症,但我们可以肯定地说,它们是除人类之外唯一具有阿尔茨海默病病理学特征的物种。”

2研究还需行为学和神经元死亡相关数据进一步验证

但是,一些科学家并不认为这些黑猩猩的大脑真的与人类阿尔茨海默病患者的相吻合。在南加利福尼亚大学研究阿尔茨海默症的神经生物学家Caleb Finch指出,在人脑中,淀粉样斑块与神经元死亡相关,这在新的研究中没有被验证。 “除非我们能得到细胞数量相关的数据以及更多认知方面的研究,否则我对该结果持怀疑态度。”

Raghanti和同事计划进一步计算这些黑猩猩大脑中神经元的死亡,但要证明黑猩猩是否发展成痴呆症的研究需要在活体动物中进行。马萨诸塞大学的行为神经科学家Agnès Lacreuse说,只有个别“非常古老而且不确定”的研究观察了衰老黑猩猩的认知变化。她自己对38只雌性黑猩猩进行了为期3年的研究,发现随着衰老年龄最大的四只(均在50岁以上)在进行空间记忆测试时逐渐恶化。但是,Lacreuse说:“还有更多的研究要做。调查记忆丧失,迷失方向,睡眠障碍和黑猩猩社交不和谐行为可能会指出伴随阿尔茨海默病患者的认知缺陷。”

佐治亚州立大学的神经学家,本研究的共同作者, William Hopkins说:“我们现在可以设计一些研究来测试它们的记忆。以前没有迫切需求一定要那样做,但这项研究将会改变情况。”
Raghanti也同意这个观点:“目前我们不允许对黑猩猩进行MRI扫描,或许这个规定可以再商讨一下。” Hopkins说,MRI数据比非侵入式行为学数据外加尸检大脑更加“有用”,因为MRI扫描将允许科学家跟踪大脑具有阿尔茨海默病症状的黑猩猩。但他怀疑国立卫生研究院(NIH)或许连行为学研究都不见得支持。

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    2017-08-06 jichang
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    2017-08-04 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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