国家卫健委叫停药房托管 破除以药养医也要让医院有钱合理运行

2018-11-30 佚名 健康号

存在近20年的药房托管终于被国家叫停。国家卫健委、国家中医药管理局联合下发《关于加快药学服务高质量发展的意见》(以下简称《意见》),明确指出,公立医院不得承包、出租药房,不得向营利性企业托管药房。虽然只有短短26个字,但其引发的关注远超过《意见》中提出的众多举措,也让“药房托管”再次成为热词。

存在近20年的药房托管终于被国家叫停。国家卫健委、国家中医药管理局联合下发《关于加快药学服务高质量发展的意见》(以下简称《意见》),明确指出,公立医院不得承包、出租药房,不得向营利性企业托管药房。虽然只有短短26个字,但其引发的关注远超过《意见》中提出的众多举措,也让“药房托管”再次成为热词。

实际上,在《意见》发布前,药房托管就已经饱受诟病。经查询,近3年时间里,青海、山东、广东、上海、北京等省市相继出台文件,对药房托管或明令禁止,或列为职业道德和行风建设的重点领域进行认真清理。

但从国家层面禁止药房托管还是首次,也说明药房托管终于走到了尽头。

在争议中前行的药房托管

药房托管最早可追溯至2001年。当时三九集团托管了广西柳州市中医院等7家医院药房(药剂科),但这个最早的尝试,最终在几年后以医院相继收回药房而结束。

接下来的18年里,药房托管断断续续在各地开展。伴随着药品“顺加作价”政策及“取消药品加成”改革方案的出台,药房托管经历了两次爆发。究其原因,无非是有利可图。

基层医改评论员徐毓才向狐观医改表示,在医药分开的大趋势下,药品要实行零差率,医院无法从药品销售中获得利益,于是就开始想对策。通过契约形式,在药房的所有权不发生变化的情况下,将其交由具有较强经营管理能力,并能够承担相应风险的医药企业进行有偿经营和管理的药房托管逐渐受到医院欢迎。

此外,药房托管还被认为是切断医疗机构和药品营销之间的直接经济利益关系的一剂良方,有助于解决“以药养医”问题。

但随着被托管的药房越来越多,其暴露出的问题也越来越明显。原广东省卫生厅副厅长廖新波曾公开表示:“药房托管就是披着羊皮的狼!”

做出如此激烈的判断,并不是夸大其词。业内专家普遍认为,药房托管既不能实现医药分开,也不能降低药价,医生回扣也取消不了。

药房托管的本质是通过药房经营主体的转换,绕开了政府对公立医院采购和价格的管制。企业管理药房后自然可以不理会省市级药品集中采购政策而继续议价,进而获得盈利。医院更不可能完全放弃药品带来的利益,因此,一些医院变相以托管费为由,向企业收取费用,变相获得收益。

药品价格虚高越严重,企业和医院赚的差价和托管费就会越多。因此,药房托管无法从根本上降低药品价格,反而助推了药价上涨。

在谈到药房托管和医药分开之间的关系时,中国药科大学教授徐伟指出,医药分开的本质在于彻底切断医院、医生开方和药品销售之间的直接利益关系,并不单纯是将门诊药房从医院剥离的物理概念。药房托管虽然减少了药品流通的中间环节,但并未切断医生与药企的利益关系,医生在药品流通利益链上的地位未发生改变。

不仅如此,药房托管还涉嫌垄断,且与医疗机构管理政策相悖。作为一种是变相的科室承包,其已经触碰到医疗机构的监管红线。

再从医院的角度来看,药房托管的时间越长,对其药事服务工作的影响和打击越大。徐毓才指出,药房托管只是重视了药品的管理,而忽视了合理用药和安全用药、处方点评、抗菌素管理等药学管理工作。长此以往,药事质控很难发力,提高药学服务质量的目标也将受到影响。

即便问题重重,但据《经济参考报》披露,目前全国范围内,约有半数以上的二级及以下医院已实施或计划实施药房托管。11月21日,医药新媒体“赛柏蓝”公布了最新版广东2018年医院药房托管名单,142家医院全被托管,可谓是“冰火两重天”。

不让托管,医院药房怎么办?

“在大规模医院药房被托管的情况下,‘一刀切’是否可行?医院要不要收回药房?收回后如何填补药品收益的空缺?托管的企业又该如何转型?”徐毓才提出了这些实际问题。

不过,此次公布的《意见》,除明确禁止公立医院药房托管外,并未提出详细的解决方案,这对于已经把药房托管出去的医院来讲,存在很多不确定性。未来医院药房将走向哪一种形式,也将成为一道重要的选择题。

现阶段,由于药房托管在业内引发的争议较大,已经逐渐有企业选择退出或探索新形式。有媒体预测,药房托管会向药品供应链管理、药事管理等更高级的形式演化。今年6月,一家医药流通领域中的龙头企业就表示,拟将原议案中的医疗机构药房托管业务模式(包括药品、耗材、中药等集中配送等)调整为专业药房业务模式(包括院内专业社会药房、DTP 药房、院边药房、院边门诊等)。

有很多承接医院药房的企业也已经转型做起了药品零售。不过在廖新波看来,这些并不是长久之计。虽然有助于处方外流和医药分开,但在实际操作中,仍与院方存在利益牵扯,如开具处方仍指定药房、药品等潜在问题。

而且,如果新的形式不能为医院提高收入,医院是否选择将药品管理、物流供应链等业务集中外包给一家企业还是一个问题。

破除“以药养医”要考虑这些问题

无论是取消药品加成,还是药房托管,最终的目的都是想破除以药养医,实现医药分家。但是从现阶段的改革进度来看,我们仅仅迈出了第一步,即只取消了药品加成。取消医生回扣、实现药房剥离、医生激励机制转变及医疗服务价格调整、公立医院的筹资机制等,推进力度和幅度都不明显。

“想真正破除‘以药养医’,就要找到药之外的养医的东西,还要解决好怎么养的问题,当然还要思考,医是否需要养的问题。”徐毓才在接受狐观医改采访时,用通俗的语言指出了问题所在。

在他看来,医院走上被托管的道路,很可能不是自愿的,而是取消药品加成后,不得不通过这一方法补上减少的收入。医疗机构要健康的生存,健康的发展,没有必要的运行费用是不现实的。因此,不用药来养医,那就只能找到可以代替的。

目前,根据公立医院综合改革实施方案等政策,全面取消药品加成后,医院减少的合理收入主要由政府财政补贴、医疗服务价格调整以及医院自我消化来补充。其中,医疗服务价格调整占据的比例最大。

不过在改革过程中,医疗服务价格调整很难一步到位,这就导致公立医院减少的合理收入难以补充。甚至在部分地区,连政府的财政补贴都不到位。

很多大型公立医院的院长都曾在不同场合表示,取消药品加成后医院纷纷陷入亏损。严重的亏损达数亿元,少的也有几千万。

“按照破除以药补医的总体改革思路,药房托管必然在禁止行列。但能否彻底消除以药补医,取决于公立医院的筹资机制改革。”国家卫健委卫生发展研究中心医药政策室主任傅鸿鹏的观点,也凸显出医院筹资机制的重要性。

但医疗服务价格的调整并不是简单的涨价和降价,还要求医保能够跟得上。可医保还要跟国家的经济发展要相适应,也不可能一下子就上涨太多。所以,这些环环相扣的问题,都需要捋顺,才能真正破除“以药养医”,让公立医院有合理的收入,良好的运行。

至于“如何养医”,徐毓才表示,现阶段合理的医务人员薪酬制度和激励机制并没有完全建立。如何调动医护人员的积极性,如何把政府的有限投入和市场化机制结合起来,都是需要解决的问题。

此外,徐毓才还指出,除了特殊行业,国际上没有哪一个职业要政府去“养”。如果不“养”,医生就要通过自由执业赚钱养自己,这就牵涉到了市场化改革。虽然一部分有创新能力的医生已经走出体制,加入医生集团,成为自由执业医生,但集中爆发期过后,医生集团的热度逐渐冷却,市场也恢复了理性。绝大多数医生的首选,仍然是公立医院。

从上述这些问题可以看出,构建全新的、符合现阶段卫生事业发展理念的体制机制是全面取消“以药养医”的关键。正如原国家卫生计生委卫生发展研究中心副主任杨洪伟所说,要推进价格改革,建立科学合理的医疗服务价格形成机制;财政投入改革,形成规范的政府补偿机制,确保公益性的医疗服务的有效提供;支付制度改革,充分发挥支付方对医疗服务质量的监管作用;监管体制改革,形成对医疗服务的行业自律和社会监督的机制。

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    2019-07-02 sunmin0227
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    2018-12-02 yinhl1980
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    2018-12-02 spoonycyy
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    2018-11-30 jin321

    前面谁搞得,医院药品管理谁掏钱

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