Nature:虚幻的味觉:神经学家欺骗大脑,有望把苦味变成甜味

2017-08-10 佚名 学术经纬

人有五种味觉,能感知酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜,这是每一个吃货的生活必备技能。谁能想到,在远古时期,味觉的好坏竟是一件性命攸关的事?甜味让我们找到那些富含糖分的食物,补充营养;苦味则让我们心生厌恶,远离那些有毒的食品。在食品的安全标准制订之前,人类就用这种淳朴的方式确保饮食安全。

人有五种味觉,能感知酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜,这是每一个吃货的生活必备技能。谁能想到,在远古时期,味觉的好坏竟是一件性命攸关的事?甜味让我们找到那些富含糖分的食物,补充营养;苦味则让我们心生厌恶,远离那些有毒的食品。在食品的安全标准制订之前,人类就用这种淳朴的方式确保饮食安全。

在如今这个现代社会,我们自然不需要再担心吃下去的食物是不是有毒。可是,老祖宗给我们留下的基因可以没有那么容易改变,因此,我们依然能够分辨出苦味。那有什么办法,可以让这种令人不悦的感觉消失吗?


▲HHMI研究员Charles S. Zuker教授(图片来源:Zuckerman Institute)

可以!Zuckerman研究所的大牛、HHMI研究员Charles S. Zuker教授这样表示。他和研究团队发现了产生甜味和苦味的关键,并且表明,我们有能力改变大脑对味觉的判断,感觉不到苦味儿。这项研究今日发表在了顶尖学术期刊《自然》上。

“大脑里负责味觉的部分,大多在出生时就已经定型了,”这项研究的共同作者之一Hojoon Lee博士说道:“但舌头是一个例外。”舌头上的味蕾一直在发生动态变化,旧的细胞会死去,新的细胞会诞生,这样一个周期仅需要1-3周。每一个新的味蕾细胞形成后,都需要重新建立起和大脑的联系。



▲五名研究人员分别感受“五味”,最右为本研究共同作者之一Hojoon Lee博士(图片来源:Columbia Medicine Magazine)

那么,辨识苦味和辨识甜味的味蕾,是怎么知道应该激活大脑的哪个区域,使人产生不同的味觉呢?研究人员认为,这背后一定有什么特殊的信号通路。通过比较“苦味味蕾”和“甜味味蕾”,我们也许能找到这个关键。

事实正如他们所预料的那样。研究人员发现,在“苦味味蕾”里,有许多Semaphorin 3A蛋白。而在“甜味味蕾”里,有许多Semaphorin 7A蛋白。这两者的表达量有极为显着的差异。Semaphorin蛋白能建立神经环路,也许这两个蛋白的差异就是味蕾感受苦味和甜味的关键。


▲感受甜味和苦味的区域,表达有不同的Semaphorin蛋白(图片来源:《自然》)

为了验证这个想法,研究人员利用基因改造的方法,获得了两种小鼠。第一种小鼠的“苦味味蕾”里,表达“甜味味蕾”的Semaphorin 7A蛋白;第二种小鼠则恰好相反。按照他们的设想,经过改造后,“苦味味蕾”能尝出甜味,“甜味味蕾”能尝出苦味。

“这正是我们观察到的现象,” Lee博士说:“这表明,只要提供关键的指导信号,味觉受体细胞会自动与神经元进行联系。”


▲经过改造的小鼠(右),对苦味的耐受力明显上升(图片来源:《自然》)

这个结果在小鼠实验中得到了进一步的验证。实验里,研究人员准备了两盆清水,一盆是普通的水,一盆是混有苦味剂的水。普通小鼠会避免喝带有苦味的水,而经过改造的小鼠则没有那么嫌弃。这说明这些小鼠感知苦味的能力得到了抑制。

“味觉系统给了我们独特的机遇,去了解味蕾和神经元如何建立联系,”该研究的负责人Zuker教授说:“这样的研究能一步一步揭示我们的基础感觉背后的神经学原理。”

原始出处:Hojoon Lee, Lindsey J. Macpherson, Camilo A. Parada, et al. Rewiring the taste system. Nature (2017)

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    2017-10-15 liye789132251
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    2017-08-10 wxm1798_20258320

    不错不错,有意思!

    0

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    2017-08-10 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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    2017-08-10 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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    2017-08-10 lyh994

    只要提供关键的指导信号,味觉受体细胞会自动与神经元进行联系。

    0

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