合理选择免疫治疗时机,重视中国人群数据,很大化中国晚期NSCLC患者长生存获益

2019-08-04 佚名 肿瘤资讯

2018年开启了中国免疫治疗元年,掀起中国免疫治疗热潮。与此而来,免疫治疗规范化的管理、生物标志物的看待、患者最大生存获益的药物全线管理等热点问题备受瞩目。特邀浙江大学医学院附属第一医院周建英教授、浙江大学医学院附属第二医院王凯教授、浙江大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院王利民教授就以上热点话题进行了深入的探讨,并由浙江大学医学院附属第一医院周建娅教授担任本次采访的主持。

2018年开启了中国免疫治疗元年,掀起中国免疫治疗热潮。与此而来,免疫治疗规范化的管理、生物标志物的看待、患者最大生存获益的药物全线管理等热点问题备受瞩目。特邀浙江大学医学院附属第一医院周建英教授、浙江大学医学院附属第二医院王凯教授、浙江大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院王利民教授就以上热点话题进行了深入的探讨,并由浙江大学医学院附属第一医院周建娅教授担任本次采访的主持。

唯一中国人群数据证实:无论组织学分型或PD-L1的表达,mNSCLC患者均能从欧狄沃治疗中获得长生存的机会

欧狄沃是中国获批的第一个免疫治疗药物,用于治疗表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变阴性和间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)阴性、既往接受过含铂方案化疗后疾病进展或不可耐受的局部晚期或转移性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)成人患者。值得注意的是,鳞癌和非鳞癌患者均可以获益,并且无需根据PD-L1表达而选择。中国批准的第二个免疫检查点抑制剂为帕博利珠单抗,获批适应证为帕博利珠单抗联合培美曲塞+铂类一线治疗EGFR、ALK阴性转移性非鳞NSCLC,目前国内免疫检查点抑制剂在肺癌仅有以上两个适应证获批。

作为临床医生,药物选择应该有循证学证据支持。

1. 关于免疫治疗药物能否互换使用,不同的PD-1抑制剂存在差异,PD-1抑制剂和PD-L1抑制剂也存在差异,临床上不能因为他们都是免疫治疗药物就更换使用。已有研究报道显示,一种免疫检查点抑制剂治疗失败后更换使用其他免疫检查点抑制剂很可能是阴性的结果。

2. 疗效和安全性是否存在人群的差异,中国人群试验非常重要。药物在中国获批,说明药物的有效性和安全性已经在中国人群中得到验证,以及中国相关医疗机构已经对药物以及治疗方案予以了充分的认可。CheckMate 078研究是第一个以中国人群为主开展的III期临床研究,其结果证实了欧狄沃二线治疗中国mNSCLC人群中的疗效和安全性,并且和国际III期临床研究CheckMate 017和CheckMate 057的结果基本一致。这一点是非常重要的,因为它证实了免疫治疗的安全性和疗效并无人种的差异。另外,很少有临床研究将总生存(OS)作为研究终点,而CheckMate 078研究的首要研究终点为OS,这同样非常难能可贵。因为III期临床研究样本量较大,OS作为首要研究终点的随访时间长。把OS作为上市的指标充分体现了对中国患者的科学、负责的态度,也显示出了数据的权威性和可靠性。

刚才周教授已经做了非常全面的分析,我们也看到了欧狄沃和帕博利珠单抗都为我们的晚期肺癌患者带来了巨大的生存获益。我认为,相对于帕博利珠单抗,欧狄沃可能在晚期肺癌患者二线治疗中更具优势,且患者无需根据PD-L1表达而选择,无论患者为鳞癌还是非鳞癌患者,CheckMate 017和CheckMate  057以及中国人群为主的CheckMate 078都为我们提供了高级别的循证医学证据。

一旦起效,疗效持久:SD患者同样获益于免疫治疗

对于晚期肺癌患者,免疫治疗具有明显延长患者生存的优势。MegaCurve超级曲线、CheckMate-003研究以及最新的真实世界的数据都证实免疫疗效长拖尾的特点,这和免疫治疗本身的作用机制密切相关。免疫治疗和传统的治疗不同之处在于,它是通过调动自身的免疫系统使之发生免疫应答来杀伤肿瘤细胞。免疫系统由于免疫记忆的存在,可以有持续的免疫应答,这就是免疫治疗通过免疫系统来杀伤肿瘤的重要的机制或环节。在免疫应答持续发生的过程当中,大量的杀伤性T细胞都获得了抗原的记忆,这些获得了记忆的成熟的具有杀伤功能的T细胞,是杀死肿瘤细胞的直接武器。研究报告显示,没有继续使用免疫治疗的患者,肿瘤依旧可以获得很好的控制。所以免疫治疗的长效性和免疫记忆功能关系密切。

其实,免疫治疗本身具备“一旦起效,疗效持久”的特点,不仅是对于完全缓解(CR)和部分缓解(PR)的患者,对于疾病稳定(SD)患者,同样有效。在晚期肺癌,我们可以看到很多类似的病患。

正确选择免疫治疗的使用时机,最大化长生存获益

免疫治疗于2018年进入中国,国内临床使用的时间并不长。临床上我们在给患者建议治疗方案时,会更多考虑疗效和安全性。但是短时间内,我们对免疫治疗疗效的认识以及相关不良反应事件的管理可能还存在一定欠缺,因此对于一般状态良好的患者,尤其是非鳞NSCLC患者,一线不一定会首选免疫联合培美曲塞+铂类+/-抗血管生成的治疗方案,而是会选择在二线使用免疫治疗。二线在选择治疗策略时就要充分考虑患者的耐受程度,考虑该治疗方案的不良反应,这是我们选择治疗方案时考量的重要标准。如果采用免疫联合化疗的方案,我们应该如何考量?化疗是一把双刃剑,它能够破坏肿瘤细胞,释放更多的抗原,但同时也对自身具有免疫抑制的作用。联合化疗治疗也可能会加重患者的不良反应,使不良反应发生率增加。总体而言,基于目前已有的研究,二线免疫治疗主张单药为主,对于某些进展迅速的患者再考虑其他方案,由此使患者获得最大的生存获益。

给含铂化疗不耐受/进展的mNSCLC患者一次长生存的机会

免疫治疗也要追求精准化,免疫精准化的探索是目前免疫治疗的发展方向。比较经典的PD-L1、TMB,MSI等生物标志物都是非常热门的研究方向,但是,目前相关的研究结果显示,这些生物标志物对免疫治疗疗效的预测还存在一定的缺陷,还未发现某一生物标记物可以成为免疫治疗精准靶点的唯一选择,因此也无法独立使用某单一的生物标志物来筛选真正获益的患者,需要多维度和多种生物标志物综合评估。根据国内外的试验数据,帕博利珠单抗一线及二线治疗必须评估PD-L1表达的检测以进行治疗人群的区分。欧狄沃在中国获批的二线单药治疗的适应证是无需根据PD-L1表达即可使用。

综上所述,对于一线治疗,患者一般状态良好,药物选择较多,适应证是我们选择不同免疫治疗药物的理由之一,且免疫治疗如何选择需要更多的生物标志物来指导。二线的患者能够选择的药物相对较少,所以,对二线治疗的患者不应该再错失免疫治疗的机会,只要含铂化疗进展/不耐受的患者,且无需根据PD-L1表达,均可根据适应证选择免疫治疗。

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    2019-12-05 jklm09
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    2019-08-05 thm112988

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    2019-08-05 肿肿

    NSCLC下一步突破在于新靶点了,靶向治疗和免疫治疗基本见顶了,再有新的就需要新机制了

    0