婴幼儿哮喘和毛细支气管炎 还傻傻分不清?

2018-06-21 尚云晓 薛辛东 儿科急重症与疑难病例诊治评述

男性患儿,5个月,因咳嗽、打喷嚏,喘息伴呼气性呼吸困难来院就诊。喉部可闻及“咝咝”声,夜间及晨起发作明显,剧烈活动、哭闹或吃奶后喘鸣加重,无发热。既往反复患湿疹。胸部X线检查示肺气肿改变。最终诊断为急性毛细支气管炎。

男性患儿,5个月,因咳嗽、打喷嚏,喘息伴呼气性呼吸困难来院就诊。喉部可闻及“咝咝”声,夜间及晨起发作明显,剧烈活动、哭闹或吃奶后喘鸣加重,无发热。既往反复患湿疹。胸部X线检查示肺气肿改变。最终诊断为急性毛细支气管炎。

有研究表明,毛细支气管炎与哮喘的关系十分密切。多年追踪观察发现,婴儿急性毛细支气管炎所表现的喘息往往是哮喘的第一次发作,临床上二者也很难区别。到底如何鉴定哮喘还是毛细支气管炎,您知道吗?详见以下病例。

【疾病概述】

毛细支气管炎(bronchiolitis)由多种致病原感染引起的病变部位在毛细支气管(主要在直径为75~300μmg的气道)的炎症。2~6个月的婴儿多发,冬春两季多见,散发,有时亦呈流行性。呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)为最常见病原。此外,副流感病毒、腺病毒、鼻病毒、肺炎支原体等也可引起感染,也可出现混合感染。RSV侵袭毛细支气管后,致使病变部位黏膜肿胀,黏膜下炎性细胞浸润,黏膜上皮损伤脱落,黏液分泌增多,加之毛细支气管的不同程度痉挛,最终导致部分或完全性阻塞,形成呼气性呼吸困难。由于毛细支气管的管壁较薄,故炎症易扩展累及周围的肺间质和肺泡,形成细支气管周围炎。病变轻者,炎症消退后渗出物被吸收或咳出而愈复。少数病变重者可因管壁的瘢痕修复,管腔内渗出物发生机化,使细支气管阻塞,形成闭塞性细支气管炎。

【病例介绍】

患儿,男,5个月,以“咳嗽、打喷嚏2天,喘息伴呼气性呼吸困难1天”为主诉来诊。生后易反复患湿疹。2天前受凉后咳嗽、打喷嚏,近1天出现喘息,喉部可闻及“咝咝”声,伴呼气性呼吸困难,夜间及晨起发作明显,剧烈活动、哭闹或吃奶后喘鸣加重,无发热。家族中无哮喘及过敏体质疾病史。体格检查:体重7.0kg,神志清楚,一般状况差,周身无出血点及皮疹,咽部略充血,呼吸促,烦躁不安,鼻翼扇动,口周轻度发绀,轻度三凹征,胸部叩诊呈过清音,肺肝界位于右锁骨中线第6肋间;听诊双肺呼吸音延长,可闻及典型的呼气性哮鸣音,偶可闻及细小湿性啰音;心率150次/分,腹软,肝脏右肋下2.0cm,四肢活动良好,肢端温。

辅助检查:外周血白细胞及CRP正常;RSV‐IgM阳性,RSV抗原检测阳性;MP‐IgM阴性;其他病毒抗体均阴性。胸部X线检查示肺气肿改变。入院时未吸氧下动脉血气PaO249mmHg,PaCO234mmHg。

诊断:急性毛细支气管炎、呼吸道合胞病毒感染。

【治疗措施】

1﹒鼻导管吸氧,5%水合氯醛7ml灌肠镇静;及时吸痰,保持呼吸道通畅。

2﹒5%沙丁胺醇0.25ml和布地奈德0.5mg雾化吸入(百瑞压缩空气雾化器装置),每2小时一次,连续2次,喘息症状及体征无任何改善,且呈加重趋势。遂予以3%盐水4ml雾化吸入(雾化装置同上),每4小时一次;应用2次后,喘息略有减轻,但仍喘息。鉴于上述治疗仍无显著疗效,故予以肾上腺素0.5mg加入2ml生理盐水,雾化吸入(雾化装置同上),每天2次,与高渗盐水雾化吸入交替进行,喘息逐渐减轻。

3﹒沙多力卡(注射用炎琥宁)加入5%葡萄糖注射液100ml,静脉滴注,每天1次。

【诊治评述】

1﹒本病多见于6个月内小儿,最大不超过2岁。体温多正常或略高,无继发感染者少见高热。病前2~3天常有上呼吸道感染前驱症状,随后可出现剧烈咳嗽、呼气性呼吸困难及阵发性喘憋。喉部可闻及“咝咝”声。呼吸困难常呈阵发性。夜间及晨起好发作;剧烈活动、哭闹或吃奶后喘鸣加重,休息及改善通气后有时可自行缓解。严重病例可合并急性呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭及中毒性脑病等;也可骤然出现呼吸暂停及窒息。本病例的临床症状非常典型,在症状上完全符合,故从病史上首先应该考虑本病。

2﹒体格检查对确诊本病非常重要。喘息发作时,患儿呼吸及心率加快,轻者烦躁不安,鼻翼扇动;重者口周发绀,呈喘憋状,表现为明显的三凹征。胸部叩诊呈过清音,肺肝界下移。听诊双肺呼吸音延长,可闻及典型的呼气性喘鸣音或高调哮鸣音;喘憋时常听不到湿啰音,缓解时可闻及弥漫性细湿啰音或中湿啰音。本例患儿具有典型的临床体征,通过病史及查体可初步诊断本病。

3﹒患儿心率150次/分,腹软,肝脏右肋下2.0 cm,肢端温。据此诊断心力衰竭依据不足;因心率小于160次/分,腹部查体肝脏增大考虑为肺气肿引起的肺肝界下移,并非因充血性心力衰竭所致。

4﹒本病多由病毒引起,故外周血白细胞及CRP多正常;血气检查是判断有无呼吸衰竭的客观诊断依据,病初时PaO2及PaCO2减低,严重时PaCO2增高。胸部X线检查可见双肺多有不同程度肺气肿或肺纹理增强改变;有时可见支气管周围炎性阴影或节段性肺不张;肺泡受累时,可出现间质性肺炎及肺浸润病变。取鼻咽拭子或气管内分泌物行病毒分离或抗原检测有助于确定病原。本病例的胸部X线检查示肺气肿征象,符合急性毛细支气管的影像学改变。血气示PaO249mmHg,PaCO234mmHg,可诊断低氧血症型呼吸衰竭,又称Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭。

小儿急性呼吸衰竭分为以下两型:Ⅰ型,即低氧血症型呼吸衰竭,PaO2<50mmHg(6.67kPa),PaCO2正常或降低,多见于呼吸衰竭的早期和轻症;Ⅱ型,即低氧血症伴高碳酸血症型呼吸衰竭,PaO2<50mmHg(6.67kPa),PaCO2>50mmHg(6.67kPa),多见于呼吸衰竭的晚期和重症。RSV‐Ig M阳性,RSV抗原检测阳性,病原为RSV感染诊断明确。

【临床经验】

1﹒小儿急性毛细支气管炎的诊断思路

(1)易患因素:宿主因素包括早产儿、低出生体重儿、先天性心脏病、早产儿慢性肺疾病、神经系统疾病、6个月以下婴儿、免疫功能低下、缺乏母乳喂养。环境因素包括生活贫困、被动吸烟、空气污染、居住拥挤、幼儿园长托等。

(2)年龄特点:多见于6个月内小儿,最大不超过2岁。

(3)体温特点:体温正常或略高,无混合感染者少见高热。

(4)喘息特点:喉部可闻及“咝咝”声,呈呼气性呼吸困难,剧烈活动、哭闹或吃奶后喘鸣加重,安静后可减轻。

(5)肺部体征特点:叩诊呈过清音,肺肝界下移,双肺呼吸音延长,双肺可闻及典型的呼气性喘鸣音(或高调哮鸣音)。喘憋严重时喘鸣音有时反而减弱,应予以注意。

(6)胸片特点:双肺气肿为主。

(7)体质特点:过敏体质婴儿(如易患湿疹等)、有哮喘或过敏体质家族史者,将来发展成支气管哮喘的几率增加。

2﹒鉴别诊断思路

(1)本病应与该年龄段引起喘憋或呼吸困难的相关疾病鉴别,包括急性喉炎、支气管哮喘、呼吸道合胞病毒性肺炎、原发型肺结核、先天性气道发育异常、心内膜弹力纤维增生症、充血性心力衰竭、异物吸入等。

(2)小儿毛细支气管炎与婴幼儿哮喘首次发作的临床表现极其相似,在就诊当时难以鉴别,需要日后定期随访观察。如反复发作超过3次以上,支气管扩张剂治疗有效且除外其他肺部疾病,则应考虑支气管哮喘的诊断;个人过敏体质、有哮喘或过敏体质家族史、长期被动吸烟等是毛细支气管炎患儿将来发展为哮喘的高危因素。

3﹒治疗思路

除吸氧、镇静、保持气道通畅等一般性治疗外,控制喘憋治疗最为重要。由于小儿毛细支气管炎与婴幼儿哮喘首次发作(哮喘早发型)临床很难区别,故早期可吸入支气管扩张剂和糖皮质激素进行试验性治疗;哮喘发作时通常对上述药物反应良好,而毛细支气管炎时通常疗效差。国外许多有循证医学证据的研究显示,支气管扩张剂和糖皮质激素对小儿急性毛细支气管炎喘憋的疗效有限。不过,鉴于吸入治疗的安全性,通过压缩空气吸入支气管扩张剂(如沙丁胺醇等)和糖皮质激素(如布地奈德等)可在临床早期试验性应用,如果临床症状无改善则不继续使用。全身性糖皮质激素应慎用。近年来,对于中、重度毛细支气管炎患儿推荐使用高渗盐水和肾上腺素雾化吸入的治疗方法。

(1)高渗盐水雾化吸入:3%盐水雾化吸入(压缩空气或气流量>6L/min氧气为动力的雾化器装置),每次2~4ml,4~6次/天,疗程1~3天。研究表明,应用高渗盐水雾化吸入治疗中度毛细支气管炎,可明显减轻临床评分、减少住院率、缩短住院时间,安全性良好。

(2)肾上腺素雾化吸入:收缩气管黏膜小动脉、减轻黏膜水肿、降低支气管黏膜厚度,从而提高气道直径而改善通气。用法:肾上腺素每次0.5mg(1岁以下)或每次1mg(1岁以上),加入2ml生理盐水中,雾化吸入(压缩空气或气流量>6L/min氧气为动力的雾化器装置),2~4次/天,疗程1~3天。应用肾上腺素雾化吸入时,应密切观察心率及血压变化。如果治疗无效不再增加剂量应用。

(3)其他:静脉注射氨茶碱或硫酸镁可尝试使用,但尚缺乏确切的循证证据。静脉注射免疫球蛋白(I VIG)可在重症患儿或上述治疗方法无效时考虑应用。研究表明,I VIG可缓解临床症状,减少患儿排毒量和缩短排毒期限。应用方法为每天400mg/kg,连续3~5天。静脉注射抗RSV单克隆抗体(palivizumab0)对高危婴儿(早产儿、支气管肺发育不良、先天性心脏病、免疫缺陷病)和毛细支气管炎后反复喘息发作者有确切的预防作用;RSV单克隆抗体上市后研究也显示,预防治疗可显著降低住院率。但值得注意的是,该药不能治疗RSV感染。及时纠正酸碱失衡及离子紊乱;有心力衰竭时积极强心、利尿、减轻心脏负荷;出现脑水肿时及时降颅压及保护脑细胞;有呼吸衰竭时需要气管插管、人工通气治疗。

4﹒预后评估

近年研究表明,毛细支气管炎与哮喘的关系十分密切。多年追踪观察发现,婴儿急性毛细支气管炎所表现的喘息往往是哮喘的第一次发作。如喘息反复发作(有人认为超过3次以上),除外其他肺部疾病后,应考虑支气管哮喘的诊断。国内外研究显示,有30%~70%的毛细支气管炎患儿日后发展成哮喘;有过敏体质、家族有哮喘、过敏性鼻炎等遗传病史及父母吸烟的患儿,哮喘发生率较无以上因素者显著增高。研究显示,对存在哮喘危险因素的毛细支气管炎患儿出院后采用激素吸入治疗可明显减低其日后哮喘的发生率。因此,对诊断毛细支气管炎患儿,一定要定期随访;如果日后再有喘息发生(无论是感染或是运动、吸入冷空气等),特别是对支气管扩张剂及激素治疗敏感,即可能是哮喘,作者认为不必非得发作3次以上。有人认为,毛细支气管炎患儿如果同时有哮喘的危险因素,即应按哮喘予以早期干预治疗。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1892162, encodeId=636f1892162c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b445e1232d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#支气管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57123, encryptionId=1b445e1232d, topicName=支气管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f503121, createdName=zjubiostat, createdTime=Tue Feb 12 00:32:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1804900, encodeId=be1b18049003a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a2ece7762cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细支气管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77762, encryptionId=a2ece7762cb, topicName=细支气管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e2e0330, createdName=huangdf, createdTime=Sun Dec 23 20:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1717610, encodeId=14411e1761049, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dba6e776367' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细支气管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77763, encryptionId=dba6e776367, topicName=细支气管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=285132431847, createdName=kcb080, createdTime=Fri Feb 08 07:32:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=326994, encodeId=652532699420, content=学习学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKibA62IFMeUJEmSyIe8DvYFeERuOsfrRd8iano7nENqQU1dRR3tqeQOUL3eqgYgEZRT2t2iaEsib0JEw/132, createdBy=66771693911, createdName=易水河, createdTime=Mon Jun 25 22:54:54 CST 2018, time=2018-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1553875, encodeId=f1ce15538e54a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dc4f63695a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#毛细支气管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63695, encryptionId=dc4f63695a8, topicName=毛细支气管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=be0f14453443, createdName=rebeccajiejie, createdTime=Sat Jun 23 04:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325922, encodeId=8f1032592292, content=学习一下谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Thu Jun 21 21:53:02 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325864, encodeId=c8c8325864f2, content=了解了解.学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jun 21 14:24:13 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=325854, encodeId=211432585475, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Thu Jun 21 13:54:05 CST 2018, time=2018-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2018-06-25 易水河

    学习学习了

    0

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    2018-06-21 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

    0

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    2018-06-21 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

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    2018-06-21 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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